Abstract
The continuous growing of rice has led to a deterioration in soil quality, resulting in a serious threat to agricultural sustainability in the high rainfall zone of south Gujarat, India. Therefore, crop diversification with a wider choice in the production of crop varieties is being promoted to restore the soil quality. A field experiment was conducted in Navsari, India during 2003–2007 on a Vertisol to evaluate the productivity, sustainability, resource-use efficiency and economics of 10 rice-based cropping systems. The results showed that system productivity for rice–fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum)–okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) was highest (25.73 t ha−1), followed by rice–onion (Allium cepa)–cowpea (Vigna sinensis L.) (24.15 t ha−1); and the lowest system productivity was observed with the rice–wheat (Triticum aestivum)–fallow system (7.85 t ha−1). The sustainable yield index (0.97), production efficiency (102.94 kg ha−1 day−1) and field water use efficiency (15.98 kg ha−1 mm−1) were maximum with the rice–fenugreek–okra system. Similarly, net return (96,286 Rs ha−1), net return per rupee invested (2.83 Rs), monetary production efficiency (385.14 Rs ha−1 day−1) and water use efficiency (59.80 Rs ha−1 mm−1) were maximum with the rice–fenugreek–okra cropping sequence. There were significant effects of various cropping sequences on available nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and organic carbon content in the soil. Overall, the rice–fenugreek–okra system was found to be the most productive, sustainable, resource-use efficient and remunerative cropping system, followed by the rice–onion–cowpea system.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Rice–fenugreek–okra gave the highest system productivity, 25.73 t ha−1.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae1 - Treatment
- rice–fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum)–okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)e1
- Outcome
- system productivitye1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Value
- 25.73 t ha−1e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“system productivity for rice–fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum)–okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) was highest (25.73 t ha−1)”
t0“rice (Oryza sativaL.)-based cropping systems”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice–wheat–fallow gave the lowest system productivity, 7.85 t ha−1.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- rice–wheat (Triticum aestivum)–fallow systeme2
- Outcome
- system productivitye2
- Direction
- loweste2
- Value
- 7.85 t ha−1e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“the lowest system productivity was observed with the rice–wheat (Triticum aestivum)–fallow system (7.85 t ha−1)”
t0“rice (Oryza sativaL.)-based cropping systems”
Claim · model-written summary
The sustainable yield index was maximum with rice–fenugreek–okra, 0.97.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae3
- Treatment
- rice–fenugreek–okra systeme3
- Outcome
- sustainable yield indexe3
- Direction
- maximume3
- Value
- 0.97e3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“The sustainable yield index (0.97), production efficiency (102.94 kg ha−1 day−1) and field water use efficiency (15.98 kg ha−1 mm−1) were maximum with the rice–fenugreek–okra system”
Claim · model-written summary
Production efficiency was maximum with rice–fenugreek–okra, 102.94 kg ha−1 day−1.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae3
- Treatment
- rice–fenugreek–okra systeme3
- Outcome
- production efficiencye3
- Direction
- maximume3
- Value
- 102.94 kg ha−1 day−1e3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“The sustainable yield index (0.97), production efficiency (102.94 kg ha−1 day−1) and field water use efficiency (15.98 kg ha−1 mm−1) were maximum with the rice–fenugreek–okra system”
Claim · model-written summary
Field water use efficiency was maximum with rice–fenugreek–okra, 15.98 kg ha−1 mm−1.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae3
- Treatment
- rice–fenugreek–okra systeme3
- Outcome
- field water use efficiencye3
- Direction
- maximume3
- Value
- 15.98 kg ha−1 mm−1e3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“The sustainable yield index (0.97), production efficiency (102.94 kg ha−1 day−1) and field water use efficiency (15.98 kg ha−1 mm−1) were maximum with the rice–fenugreek–okra system”
Claim · model-written summary
Net return was maximum with rice–fenugreek–okra, 96,286 Rs ha−1.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae4
- Treatment
- rice–fenugreek–okra cropping sequencee4
- Outcome
- net returne4
- Direction
- maximume4
- Value
- 96,286 Rs ha−1e4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“net return (96,286 Rs ha−1), net return per rupee invested (2.83 Rs), monetary production efficiency (385.14 Rs ha−1 day−1) and water use efficiency (59.80 Rs ha−1 mm−1) were maximum with the rice–fenugreek–okra cropping sequence”
Claim · model-written summary
Net return per rupee invested was maximum with rice–fenugreek–okra, 2.83 Rs.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae4
- Treatment
- rice–fenugreek–okra cropping sequencee4
- Outcome
- net return per rupee investede4
- Direction
- maximume4
- Value
- 2.83 Rse4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“net return (96,286 Rs ha−1), net return per rupee invested (2.83 Rs), monetary production efficiency (385.14 Rs ha−1 day−1) and water use efficiency (59.80 Rs ha−1 mm−1) were maximum with the rice–fenugreek–okra cropping sequence”
Claim · model-written summary
Monetary production efficiency was maximum with rice–fenugreek–okra, 385.14 Rs ha−1 day−1.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae4
- Treatment
- rice–fenugreek–okra cropping sequencee4
- Outcome
- monetary production efficiencye4
- Direction
- maximume4
- Value
- 385.14 Rs ha−1 day−1e4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“net return (96,286 Rs ha−1), net return per rupee invested (2.83 Rs), monetary production efficiency (385.14 Rs ha−1 day−1) and water use efficiency (59.80 Rs ha−1 mm−1) were maximum with the rice–fenugreek–okra cropping sequence”
Claim · model-written summary
Water use efficiency in rupees was maximum with rice–fenugreek–okra, 59.80 Rs ha−1 mm−1.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae4
- Treatment
- rice–fenugreek–okra cropping sequencee4
- Outcome
- water use efficiencye4
- Direction
- maximume4
- Value
- 59.80 Rs ha−1 mm−1e4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“net return (96,286 Rs ha−1), net return per rupee invested (2.83 Rs), monetary production efficiency (385.14 Rs ha−1 day−1) and water use efficiency (59.80 Rs ha−1 mm−1) were maximum with the rice–fenugreek–okra cropping sequence”
Claim · model-written summary
Cropping sequences had significant effects on available nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and organic carbon in the soil.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- various cropping sequencese5
- Outcome
- available nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and organic carbon content in the soile5
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice (Oryza sativaL.)-based cropping systems”
e5“There were significant effects of various cropping sequences on available nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and organic carbon content in the soil”
The same questions in other papers
Triticum aestivum · yield · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
13 papers in the same direction as this paper · 110 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
120 papers more in this group
See all 124 papers →Abelmoschus esculentus · yield · Oryza sativa (rice)Results agree
6 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
3 papers more in this group
See all 7 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.