Abstract
Seed germination of spinach ( Spinacia oleracea L.) is partially inhibited by a high germination temperature (35 °C). Tolerance of high germination temperatures varies widely depending on the variety used. We ascertained that seed germination of these spinach varieties was thermoinhibited at 35 °C and secondary dormancy was not induced as seeds germinated when transferred to optimum germination conditions (20 °C). Treatment with 99% oxygen and 10 ppm kinetin significantly increased germination of thermoinhibited varieties at 35 °C. During heat stress, all organisms produce heat shock proteins (HSPs), which may function as molecular chaperons, are possibly required for the development of thermotolerance, and may be crucial for cell survival during heat stress. Western blotting of SDS-PAGE gels using antibodies to various heat shock proteins indicated that spinach varieties with the highest degree of thermotolerance have higher levels of HSP expression than varieties with the lowest degree of thermotolerance during germination. These results suggest that thermotolerance could be further improved, either through a breeding program or possibly by genetic engineering.
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Claims 4
Claim · model-written summary
A high germination temperature of 35 °C partially inhibited spinach seed germination, compared with optimum germination conditions at 20 °C.
- Taxon
- spinach
Spinacia oleraceae0 - Treatment
- high germination temperature (35 °C)e0
- Outcome
- Seed germinatione0
- Direction
- partially inhibitede0
- Comparator
- optimum germination conditions (20 °C)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seed germination of spinach ( Spinacia oleracea L.) is partially inhibited by a high germination temperature (35 °C)”
e1“seed germination of these spinach varieties was thermoinhibited at 35 °C and secondary dormancy was not induced as seeds germinated when transferred to optimum germination conditions (20 °C)”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatment with 99% oxygen and 10 ppm kinetin significantly increased germination of thermoinhibited spinach varieties at 35 °C.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae0
- Treatment
- 99% oxygen and 10 ppm kinetine2
- Outcome
- germination of thermoinhibited varietiese2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Qualifier
- at 35 °Ce2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seed germination of spinach ( Spinacia oleracea L.) is partially inhibited by a high germination temperature (35 °C)”
e2“Treatment with 99% oxygen and 10 ppm kinetin significantly increased germination of thermoinhibited varieties at 35 °C”
Claim · model-written summary
Spinach varieties with the highest thermotolerance had higher HSP expression than the least thermotolerant varieties during germination.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae3
- Gene
- heat shock proteinse5
- Outcome
- HSP expressione3
- Direction
- highere3
- Qualifier
- during germinatione3
- Comparator
- varieties with the lowest degree of thermotolerancee3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“spinach varieties with the highest degree of thermotolerance have higher levels of HSP expression than varieties with the lowest degree of thermotolerance during germination”
e5“using antibodies to various heat shock proteins”
Claim · model-written summary
Thermotolerance of spinach could be further improved through a breeding program or genetic engineering.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae0
- Outcome
- thermotolerancee4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seed germination of spinach ( Spinacia oleracea L.) is partially inhibited by a high germination temperature (35 °C)”
e4“thermotolerance could be further improved, either through a breeding program or possibly by genetic engineering”
The same questions in other papers
kinetin · growth · Spinacia oleracea (spinach)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
processing · growth · Spinacia oleracea (spinach)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- negative
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.