Abstract
A controlled drought stress experiment was carried out on Quinoa in the Bolivian Altiplano. The Bolivian Altiplano is a vast inter Andean basin at an average altitude of 3850 m.a.s.l. The climatic and soil conditions put severe constraints on crop production in this region. Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.), a traditional Andean pseudocereal, is remarkably well adapted to the unfavorable growth conditions and has high nutritional value. Due to limited and highly variable rainfall during the growing season, yields are unstable. Irrigation of quinoa during the frost free period is a way to increase and stabilize yields. However, given the water scarcity in the region, deficit irrigation with flexible guidelines is the only option. To develop guidelines for deficit irrigation, a lysimeter experiment under a rain shelter with eight water application treatments was carried out in Viacha (Bolivia). The treatments consisted in provoking water stress during the six sensitivity stages and during the total season. The reference treatment was fully irrigated quinoa. During the season, biomass evolution, root length and weight, applied irrigation water and drainage were monitored. At the end of the season the grain yield, water use efficiency (WUE) and harvest index (HI) were determined. In times of water stress before or during flowering, the above ground biomass production was delayed and the logistic shape of the growth curve got interrupted. Remarkably, root growth was not inhibited in these treatments, which provoked temporal increases in root to shoot ratio (RSlength) during stress periods. However, the effects in RSlength had disappeared at harvest. On the other hand, treatments with continuous stress, stress during pre-flowering, stress during flowering and stress during the pasty grain phase, resulted in significantly lower total yields and low WUE. Treatments with stress during the initial vegetative stages gave rise to the highest WUE. The HI was a rather constant index for all treatments except for the treatment with continuous stress and stress during the pasty grain phase. In order to stabilize quinoa yields in the Bolivian Altiplano in a sustainable way, water should be regarded as the main limiting production factor and research should further focus on optimal WUE and deficit irrigation. This research * Corresponding author: VLIR-UDC Research Associate Tel. +32 16 32 97 54 Fax +32 16 32 97 60 Sam.Geerts@biw.kuleuven.be a K.U.Leuven, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Laboratory for Soil and Water Management Celestijnenlaan 200 E B-3001 Leuven Belgium b Universidad Mayor de San Andres (UMSA) Facultad de Agronomia Av. Heroes del Acre 1850 La Paz Bolivia
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Water stress before or during flowering delayed above ground biomass production of quinoa relative to fully irrigated quinoa.
- Taxon
- Chenopodium quinoa
Chenopodium quinoat0 - Treatment
- water stress before or during floweringe0
- Outcome
- above ground biomass productione0
- Direction
- delayede0
- Comparator
- fully irrigated quinoae1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Chenopodium quinoa”
e0“In times of water stress before or during flowering, the above ground biomass production was delayed”
e1“The reference treatment was fully irrigated quinoa”
Claim · model-written summary
Water stress before or during flowering interrupted the logistic shape of the quinoa growth curve.
- Taxon
- Chenopodium quinoaChenopodium quinoat0
- Treatment
- water stress before or during floweringe0
- Outcome
- logistic shape of the growth curve got interruptede0
- Comparator
- fully irrigated quinoae1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Chenopodium quinoa”
e0“In times of water stress before or during flowering, the above ground biomass production was delayed and the logistic shape of the growth curve got interrupted”
e1“The reference treatment was fully irrigated quinoa”
Claim · model-written summary
Root growth of quinoa was not inhibited in the treatments with water stress before or during flowering.
- Taxon
- Chenopodium quinoaChenopodium quinoat0
- Outcome
- root growthe0
- Direction
- not inhibitede0
- Qualifier
- in these treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Chenopodium quinoa”
e0“Remarkably, root growth was not inhibited in these treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Stress periods provoked temporal increases in the root to shoot ratio (RSlength) of quinoa.
- Taxon
- Chenopodium quinoaChenopodium quinoat0
- Treatment
- stress periodse0
- Outcome
- root to shoot ratio (RSlength)e0
- Direction
- increasese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Chenopodium quinoa”
e0“which provoked temporal increases in root to shoot ratio (RSlength) during stress periods”
Claim · model-written summary
The effects on RSlength had disappeared at harvest.
- Taxon
- Chenopodium quinoaChenopodium quinoat0
- Outcome
- effects in RSlengthe0
- Direction
- disappearede0
- Qualifier
- at harveste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Chenopodium quinoa”
e0“the effects in RSlength had disappeared at harvest”
Claim · model-written summary
Continuous water stress resulted in significantly lower total yields and low WUE in quinoa than fully irrigated quinoa.
- Taxon
- Chenopodium quinoaChenopodium quinoat0
- Treatment
- continuous stresse0
- Outcome
- total yields and low WUEe0
- Direction
- significantly lowere0
- Comparator
- fully irrigated quinoae1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Chenopodium quinoa”
e0“treatments with continuous stress, stress during pre-flowering, stress during flowering and stress during the pasty grain phase, resulted in significantly lower total yields and low WUE”
e1“The reference treatment was fully irrigated quinoa”
Claim · model-written summary
Water stress during pre-flowering resulted in significantly lower total yields and low WUE in quinoa than fully irrigated quinoa.
- Taxon
- Chenopodium quinoaChenopodium quinoat0
- Treatment
- stress during pre-floweringe0
- Outcome
- total yields and low WUEe0
- Direction
- significantly lowere0
- Comparator
- fully irrigated quinoae1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Chenopodium quinoa”
e0“treatments with continuous stress, stress during pre-flowering, stress during flowering and stress during the pasty grain phase, resulted in significantly lower total yields and low WUE”
e1“The reference treatment was fully irrigated quinoa”
Claim · model-written summary
Water stress during flowering resulted in significantly lower total yields and low WUE in quinoa than fully irrigated quinoa.
- Taxon
- Chenopodium quinoaChenopodium quinoat0
- Treatment
- stress during floweringe0
- Outcome
- total yields and low WUEe0
- Direction
- significantly lowere0
- Comparator
- fully irrigated quinoae1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Chenopodium quinoa”
e0“treatments with continuous stress, stress during pre-flowering, stress during flowering and stress during the pasty grain phase, resulted in significantly lower total yields and low WUE”
e1“The reference treatment was fully irrigated quinoa”
Claim · model-written summary
Water stress during the pasty grain phase resulted in significantly lower total yields and low WUE in quinoa than fully irrigated quinoa.
- Taxon
- Chenopodium quinoaChenopodium quinoat0
- Treatment
- stress during the pasty grain phasee0
- Outcome
- total yields and low WUEe0
- Direction
- significantly lowere0
- Comparator
- fully irrigated quinoae1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Chenopodium quinoa”
e0“treatments with continuous stress, stress during pre-flowering, stress during flowering and stress during the pasty grain phase, resulted in significantly lower total yields and low WUE”
e1“The reference treatment was fully irrigated quinoa”
Claim · model-written summary
Water stress during the initial vegetative stages gave the highest WUE in quinoa.
- Taxon
- Chenopodium quinoaChenopodium quinoat0
- Treatment
- stress during the initial vegetative stagese0
- Outcome
- WUEe0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Chenopodium quinoa”
e0“Treatments with stress during the initial vegetative stages gave rise to the highest WUE”
Claim · model-written summary
Harvest index was rather constant across all treatments except continuous stress and stress during the pasty grain phase.
- Taxon
- Chenopodium quinoaChenopodium quinoat0
- Treatment
- all treatmentse0
- Outcome
- HIe0
- Direction
- rather constante0
- Qualifier
- except for the treatment with continuous stress and stress during the pasty grain phasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Chenopodium quinoa”
e0“The HI was a rather constant index for all treatments except for the treatment with continuous stress and stress during the pasty grain phase”
Claim · model-written summary
To stabilize quinoa yields in the Bolivian Altiplano, water should be regarded as the main limiting production factor and research should focus on optimal WUE and deficit irrigation.
- Taxon
- quinoaChenopodium quinoae0
- Outcome
- water should be regarded as the main limiting production factore0
- Setting
- Bolivian Altiplanoe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In order to stabilize quinoa yields in the Bolivian Altiplano in a sustainable way, water should be regarded as the main limiting production factor and research should further focus on optimal WUE and deficit irrigation”
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See all 8 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.