Abstract
Trichoderma is a fungal genus that includes species that are currently being used as biological control agents and/or as biofertilizers. In addition to the direct application of Trichoderma spp. as biocontrol agents in plant protection, recent studies have focused on the beneficial responses exerted on plants, stimulating the growth, activating the defenses, and/or improving nutrient uptake. The amdS gene, encoding an acetamidase of Aspergillus, has been used as a selectable marker for the transformation of filamentous fungi, including Trichoderma spp., but the physiological effects of the introduction of this gene into the genome of these microorganisms still remains unexplored. No evidence of amdS orthologous genes has been detected within the Trichoderma spp. genomes and the amdS heterologous expression in Trichoderma harzianum T34 did not affect the growth of this fungus in media lacking acetamide. However, it did confer the ability for the fungus to use this amide as a nitrogen source. Although a similar antagonistic behavior was observed for T34 and amdS transformants in dual cultures against Rhizoctonia solani, Botrytis cinerea, and Fusarium oxysporum, a significantly higher antifungal activity was detected in amdS transformants against F. oxysporum, compared to that of T34, in membrane assays on media lacking acetamide. In Trichoderma-tomato interaction assays, amdS transformants were able to promote plant growth to a greater extent than the wild-type T34, although compared with this strain the transformants showed similar capability to colonize tomato roots. Gene expression patterns from aerial parts of 3-week-old tomato plants treated with T34 and the amdS transformants have also been investigated using GeneChip Tomato Genome Arrays. The downregulation of defense genes and the upregulation of carbon and nitrogen metabolism genes observed in the microarrays were accompanied by (i) enhanced growth, (ii) increased carbon and nitrogen levels, and (iii) a higher sensitivity to B. cinerea infections in plants treated with amdS transformants as detected in greenhouse assays. These observations suggest that the increased plant development promoted by the amdS transformants was at expense of defenses.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
amdS transformants promoted tomato growth more than wild-type T34.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- amdS transformantse0
- Interactor
- amdS transformantse0symbiont
- Outcome
- plant growthe0
- Direction
- greater extente0
- Comparator
- wild-type T34e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“amdS transformants were able to promote plant growth to a greater extent than the wild-type T34”
t0“Tomato Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
amdS transformants and T34 had similar capacity to colonize tomato roots.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- transformantse0
- Interactor
- transformantse0symbiont
- Outcome
- colonize tomato rootse0
- Direction
- similare0
- Comparator
- this straine0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“compared with this strain the transformants showed similar capability to colonize tomato roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Tomato defense genes were downregulated following treatment with amdS transformants.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- amdS transformantse0
- Interactor
- amdS transformantse0symbiont
- Outcome
- defense genese0
- Direction
- downregulatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The downregulation of defense genes and the upregulation of carbon and nitrogen metabolism genes observed in the microarrays were accompanied by (i) enhanced growth, (ii) increased carbon and nitrogen levels, and (iii) a higher sensitivity to B. cinerea infections in plants treated with amdS transformants”
t0“Tomato Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Tomato carbon and nitrogen metabolism genes were upregulated following treatment with amdS transformants.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- amdS transformantse0
- Interactor
- amdS transformantse0symbiont
- Outcome
- carbon and nitrogen metabolism genese0
- Direction
- upregulatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the upregulation of carbon and nitrogen metabolism genes observed in the microarrays were accompanied by (i) enhanced growth, (ii) increased carbon and nitrogen levels, and (iii) a higher sensitivity to B. cinerea infections in plants treated with amdS transformants”
t0“Tomato Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Tomato plants treated with amdS transformants showed enhanced growth.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- amdS transformantse0
- Interactor
- amdS transformantse0symbiont
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“enhanced growth, (ii) increased carbon and nitrogen levels, and (iii) a higher sensitivity to B. cinerea infections in plants treated with amdS transformants”
t0“Tomato Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Tomato plants treated with amdS transformants had increased carbon levels.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- amdS transformantse0
- Interactor
- amdS transformantse0symbiont
- Outcome
- carbone0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased carbon and nitrogen levels, and (iii) a higher sensitivity to B. cinerea infections in plants treated with amdS transformants”
t0“Tomato Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Tomato plants treated with amdS transformants had increased nitrogen levels.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- amdS transformantse0
- Interactor
- amdS transformantse0symbiont
- Outcome
- nitrogen levelse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased carbon and nitrogen levels, and (iii) a higher sensitivity to B. cinerea infections in plants treated with amdS transformants”
t0“Tomato Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Tomato plants treated with amdS transformants showed greater sensitivity to B. cinerea infections.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- amdS transformantse0
- Interactor
- B. cinerea
Botrytis cinereae0pathogen - Second interactor
- amdS transformantse0symbiont
- Outcome
- sensitivity to B. cinerea infectionse0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a higher sensitivity to B. cinerea infections in plants treated with amdS transformants”
t0“Tomato Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer that transformant-promoted tomato development came at a cost to defenses.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- amdS transformantse0
- Interactor
- amdS transformantse0symbiont
- Outcome
- increased plant developmente0
- Qualifier
- at expense of defensese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These observations suggest that the increased plant development promoted by the amdS transformants was at expense of defenses”
t0“Tomato Plants”
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