Abstract
The effects of intercropping of Brassicaceae with coriander (Coriandrum sativum), dill (Anethum graveolens), African marigold (Tagetes erecta) and calendula (Calendula officinalis) on the abundance, species richness and diversity of predators and parasitoids of Lipaphis erysimi have been assessed. The numbers of aphids, parasitized aphids and natural enemies were determined during two consecutive phases. The first period comprised the vegetative phase of companion plants up to the onset of flowering and the development of kale up to the start of harvesting, while the second period encompassed the late flowering of companion plants up to senescence and the complete harvesting phase of kale. The establishment of L. erysimi and its natural enemies during the first period was enhanced by the climatic conditions and the additional nutritional resources offered by companion plants. Over the complete 13 week period, the abundance of natural enemies in kale intercropped with African marigold, calendula, coriander and dill increased by factors of 3.1, 2.1, 2.0 and 1.6, respectively, compared with the kale monoculture, while species richness increased by 1.8-fold in kale/African marigold intercrop and by a factor of 2.7 in the other treatments. The predominant predators were Syrphidae larvae and Hippodamia convergens whereas the predominant parasitoid was Diaeretiella rapae. The diversity of natural enemies was similar in all crops owing to the high proportion of syrphids in relation to the other groups of insects. The improved resources offered by companion plants can be exploited in the conservative biological control of insect pests. Key words: Conservation biological control, natural enemies, insect seasonality, Hemiptera, Aphididae, Asteraceae, Apiaceae, Lipaphis erysimi, abundance, richness, Syrphidae, ladybird, kale
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
African marigold intercrops increased natural-enemy abundance 3.1-fold against kale monoculture.
- Taxon
- kale
Brassica oleracea var. viridise0 - Treatment
- African marigolde0
- Outcome
- abundance of natural enemiese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 3.1e0
- Comparator
- kale monoculturee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the abundance of natural enemies in kale intercropped with African marigold, calendula, coriander and dill increased by factors of 3.1, 2.1, 2.0 and 1.6, respectively, compared with the kale monoculture”
Claim · model-written summary
Calendula intercrops increased natural-enemy abundance 2.1-fold.
- Taxon
- kaleBrassica oleracea var. viridise0
- Treatment
- calendulae0
- Outcome
- abundance of natural enemiese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 2.1e0
- Comparator
- kale monoculturee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the abundance of natural enemies in kale intercropped with African marigold, calendula, coriander and dill increased by factors of 3.1, 2.1, 2.0 and 1.6, respectively, compared with the kale monoculture”
Claim · model-written summary
Coriander intercrops increased natural-enemy abundance 2.0-fold.
- Taxon
- kaleBrassica oleracea var. viridise0
- Treatment
- coriandere0
- Outcome
- abundance of natural enemiese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 2.0e0
- Comparator
- kale monoculturee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the abundance of natural enemies in kale intercropped with African marigold, calendula, coriander and dill increased by factors of 3.1, 2.1, 2.0 and 1.6, respectively, compared with the kale monoculture”
Claim · model-written summary
Dill intercrops increased natural-enemy abundance 1.6-fold.
- Taxon
- kaleBrassica oleracea var. viridise0
- Treatment
- dille0
- Outcome
- abundance of natural enemiese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 1.6e0
- Comparator
- kale monoculturee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the abundance of natural enemies in kale intercropped with African marigold, calendula, coriander and dill increased by factors of 3.1, 2.1, 2.0 and 1.6, respectively, compared with the kale monoculture”
Claim · model-written summary
African marigold increased natural-enemy species richness 1.8-fold.
- Taxon
- kaleBrassica oleracea var. viridise0
- Treatment
- African marigold intercrope0
- Outcome
- species richnesse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 1.8-folde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“species richness increased by 1.8-fold in kale/African marigold intercrop”
Claim · model-written summary
The other companion-crop treatments increased species richness by 2.7-fold.
- Taxon
- kaleBrassica oleracea var. viridist0
- Treatment
- other treatmentse0
- Outcome
- factor of 2.7e0
- Value
- 2.7e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“by a factor of 2.7 in the other treatments”
t0“kale”
Claim · model-written summary
Syrphid and Hippodamia larvae were predominant predators.
- Taxon
- kaleBrassica oleracea var. viridist0
- Interactor
- Syrphidae larvaee0biocontrol_agent
- Second interactor
- Hippodamia convergens
.jpg?width=60)
Hippodamia convergense0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- predominant predatorse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“The predominant predators were Syrphidae larvae and Hippodamia convergens”
t0“kale”
Claim · model-written summary
Diaeretiella rapae was the predominant parasitoid.
- Taxon
- kaleBrassica oleracea var. viridist0
- Interactor
- Diaeretiella rapae
Diaeretiella rapaee0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- predominant parasitoide0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the predominant parasitoid was Diaeretiella rapae”
t0“kale”
Claim · model-written summary
Natural-enemy diversity was similar among crops.
- Taxon
- kaleBrassica oleracea var. viridist0
- Treatment
- all cropse0
- Outcome
- diversity of natural enemiese0
- Direction
- similare0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The diversity of natural enemies was similar in all crops owing to the high proportion of syrphids in relation to the other groups of insects”
t0“kale”
Claim · model-written summary
Companion-plant resources could be used for conservation biological control.
- Taxon
- kaleBrassica oleracea var. viridist0
- Outcome
- conservative biological control of insect pestse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The improved resources offered by companion plants can be exploited in the conservative biological control of insect pests”
t0“kale”
The same questions in other papers
Anethum graveolens · pest · Brassica oleracea (wild cabbage)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Tagetes erecta · ecology: diversity · Brassica oleracea (wild cabbage)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Tagetes erecta · pest · Brassica oleracea (wild cabbage)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
Coriandrum sativum · pest · Brassica oleracea (wild cabbage)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
intercropping · ecology: diversity · Brassica oleracea (wild cabbage)Positive and negative results
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- positive
- positive
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.