Abstract
The effects of intercropping of Brassicaceae with coriander (Coriandrum sativum), dill (Anethum graveolens), African marigold (Tagetes erecta) and calendula (Calendula officinalis) on the abundance, species richness and diversity of predators and parasitoids of Lipaphis erysimi have been assessed. The numbers of aphids, parasitized aphids and natural enemies were determined during two consecutive phases. The first period comprised the vegetative phase of companion plants up to the onset of flowering and the development of kale up to the start of harvesting, while the second period encompassed the late flowering of companion plants up to senescence and the complete harvesting phase of kale. The establishment of L. erysimi and its natural enemies during the first period was enhanced by the climatic conditions and the additional nutritional resources offered by companion plants. Over the complete 13 week period, the abundance of natural enemies in kale intercropped with African marigold, calendula, coriander and dill increased by factors of 3.1, 2.1, 2.0 and 1.6, respectively, compared with the kale monoculture, while species richness increased by 1.8-fold in kale/African marigold intercrop and by a factor of 2.7 in the other treatments. The predominant predators were Syrphidae larvae and Hippodamia convergens whereas the predominant parasitoid was Diaeretiella rapae. The diversity of natural enemies was similar in all crops owing to the high proportion of syrphids in relation to the other groups of insects. The improved resources offered by companion plants can be exploited in the conservative biological control of insect pests.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Kale intercropped with African marigold increased natural enemy abundance 3.1 relative to monoculture.
- Taxon
- kale
Brassica oleracea var. viridise0 - Treatment
- African marigolde0
- Interactor
- natural enemiese0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- abundance of natural enemiese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 3.1e0
- Comparator
- kale monoculturee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the abundance of natural enemies in kale intercropped with African marigold, calendula, coriander and dill increased by factors of 3.1, 2.1, 2.0 and 1.6, respectively, compared with the kale monoculture”
Claim · model-written summary
Kale intercropped with calendula increased natural enemy abundance 2.1 relative to monoculture.
- Taxon
- kaleBrassica oleracea var. viridise0
- Treatment
- calendulae0
- Interactor
- natural enemiese0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- abundance of natural enemiese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 2.1e0
- Comparator
- kale monoculturee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the abundance of natural enemies in kale intercropped with African marigold, calendula, coriander and dill increased by factors of 3.1, 2.1, 2.0 and 1.6, respectively, compared with the kale monoculture”
Claim · model-written summary
Kale intercropped with coriander increased natural enemy abundance 2.0 relative to monoculture.
- Taxon
- kaleBrassica oleracea var. viridise0
- Treatment
- coriandere0
- Interactor
- natural enemiese0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- abundance of natural enemiese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 2.0e0
- Comparator
- kale monoculturee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the abundance of natural enemies in kale intercropped with African marigold, calendula, coriander and dill increased by factors of 3.1, 2.1, 2.0 and 1.6, respectively, compared with the kale monoculture”
Claim · model-written summary
Kale intercropped with dill increased natural enemy abundance 1.6 relative to monoculture.
- Taxon
- kaleBrassica oleracea var. viridise0
- Treatment
- dille0
- Interactor
- natural enemiese0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- abundance of natural enemiese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 1.6e0
- Comparator
- kale monoculturee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the abundance of natural enemies in kale intercropped with African marigold, calendula, coriander and dill increased by factors of 3.1, 2.1, 2.0 and 1.6, respectively, compared with the kale monoculture”
Claim · model-written summary
Kale with African marigold increased natural enemy richness 1.8-fold.
- Taxon
- kaleBrassica oleracea var. viridise0
- Treatment
- African marigolde0
- Outcome
- species richnesse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 1.8-folde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“species richness increased by 1.8-fold in kale/African marigold intercrop and by a factor of 2.7 in the other treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Other companion plant treatments increased natural enemy richness by a factor of 2.7.
- Taxon
- kaleBrassica oleracea var. viridise0
- Treatment
- the other treatmentse0
- Outcome
- species richnesse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 2.7e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“species richness increased by 1.8-fold in kale/African marigold intercrop and by a factor of 2.7 in the other treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Syrphidae larvae and Hippodamia convergens were predominant predators.
- Taxon
- kaleBrassica oleracea var. viridist0
- Interactor
- Syrphidae larvaee0biocontrol_agent
- Second interactor
- Hippodamia convergens
.jpg?width=60)
Hippodamia convergense0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- predominant predatorse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“The predominant predators were Syrphidae larvae and Hippodamia convergens”
t0“kale”
Claim · model-written summary
Diaeretiella rapae was the predominant parasitoid.
- Taxon
- kaleBrassica oleracea var. viridist0
- Interactor
- Diaeretiella rapae
Diaeretiella rapaee0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- predominant parasitoide0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the predominant parasitoid was Diaeretiella rapae”
t0“kale”
Claim · model-written summary
Natural enemy diversity was similar across crops.
- Taxon
- kaleBrassica oleracea var. viridist0
- Outcome
- diversity of natural enemiese0
- Direction
- similare0
- Qualifier
- high proportion of syrphidse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The diversity of natural enemies was similar in all crops owing to the high proportion of syrphids in relation to the other groups of insects”
t0“kale”
Claim · model-written summary
Companion plant resources may be used for conservative biological control.
- Taxon
- kaleBrassica oleracea var. viridist0
- Outcome
- conservative biological control of insect pestse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The improved resources offered by companion plants can be exploited in the conservative biological control of insect pests”
t0“kale”
The same questions in other papers
Anethum graveolens · pest · Brassica oleracea (wild cabbage)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Tagetes erecta · ecology: diversity · Brassica oleracea (wild cabbage)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Tagetes erecta · pest · Brassica oleracea (wild cabbage)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
Coriandrum sativum · pest · Brassica oleracea (wild cabbage)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.