Abstract
Abstract Above- and below-ground responses of juvenile loblolly pine (Pinus taedaL.) and white oak (Quercus albaL.) to tropospheric ozone (0.0, 0.06, and 0.12 μL L-1 O3), acid precipitation (pH 4.8, 4.2, and 3.6), and induced ectomycorrhizal colonization (Pisolithus tinctorius [Pers.] Coker & Couch vs. natural mycobiont), alone and in combination, were examined. After 30 weeks, the filtered air treatment (ozone 0.0) reduced foliar injury but also produced smaller stem diameters, lower total foliage and total shoot dry weights, decreased needle density, and shorter root systems in inoculated pine, growth responses not found in uninoculated pine. Height growth of inoculated oak was increased by the filtered air treatment while leaf density was reduced by 0.12 μL L-1 O3, results also not found in uninoculated oak. Ectomy-corrhizal colonization percentages in pine decreased with increasing O3 concentration regardless of mycorrhizal treatment, and the filtered air treatment produced the highest infection percentages in inoculated oak as well. Rains of pH 4.2 stimulated height growth in inoculated pine while diameter decreased in inoculated oak but increased in uninoculat-ed oak with declining pH. Also, pH 4.2 rainfall increased root weight in inoculated oak while that of pH 4.8 reduced foliar injury but also shoot weight in oak regardless of mycorrhizal treatment. Generally, the my-corrhization response to increasing rainfall acidity was reduced colonization. Independent of the other treatments, inoculation produced a substantial increase in above- and below-ground growth of both pine and oak, and also increased foliage density but reduced specific root length in each species. Overall, these results indicate that the growth responses to O3 and acid deposition of loblolly pine and white oak are strongly influenced by mycorrhization, but that the magnitude of these responses is exceeded by those to mycorrhization alone. However, the propensity revealed here for both O3 and acid precipitation to suppress mycorrhizal colonization in these two species may indicate the potential for a gradual reduction in long-term forest productivity in the southeastern United States.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
Filtered air (ozone 0.0) reduced foliar injury in loblolly pine after 30 weeks.
- Taxon
- loblolly pine
Pinus taedae0 - Treatment
- filtered air treatment (ozone 0.0)e1
- Outcome
- foliar injurye1
- Direction
- reducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“juvenile loblolly pine (Pinus taedaL.) and white oak (Quercus albaL.)”
e1“the filtered air treatment (ozone 0.0) reduced foliar injury”
Claim · model-written summary
Filtered air produced smaller stem diameters, lower total foliage and total shoot dry weights in inoculated loblolly pine.
- Taxon
- loblolly pinePinus taedae0
- Treatment
- filtered air treatment (ozone 0.0)e1
- Outcome
- smaller stem diameters, lower total foliage and total shoot dry weightse2
- Direction
- smallere2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“juvenile loblolly pine (Pinus taedaL.) and white oak (Quercus albaL.)”
e1“the filtered air treatment (ozone 0.0) reduced foliar injury”
e2“produced smaller stem diameters, lower total foliage and total shoot dry weights”
Claim · model-written summary
Filtered air decreased needle density and shortened root systems in inoculated loblolly pine.
- Taxon
- loblolly pinePinus taedae0
- Treatment
- filtered air treatment (ozone 0.0)e1
- Outcome
- needle density, and shorter root systemse3
- Direction
- decreasede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“juvenile loblolly pine (Pinus taedaL.) and white oak (Quercus albaL.)”
e1“the filtered air treatment (ozone 0.0) reduced foliar injury”
e3“decreased needle density, and shorter root systems in inoculated pine”
Claim · model-written summary
Filtered air increased height growth of inoculated white oak.
- Taxon
- white oak
Quercus albae0 - Treatment
- filtered air treatmente4
- Outcome
- Height growthe4
- Direction
- increasede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“juvenile loblolly pine (Pinus taedaL.) and white oak (Quercus albaL.)”
e4“Height growth of inoculated oak was increased by the filtered air treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Ozone at 0.12 μL L-1 reduced leaf density in inoculated white oak.
- Taxon
- white oakQuercus albae0
- Treatment
- 0.12 μL L-1 O3e5
- Outcome
- leaf densitye5
- Direction
- reducede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“juvenile loblolly pine (Pinus taedaL.) and white oak (Quercus albaL.)”
e5“leaf density was reduced by 0.12 μL L-1 O3”
Claim · model-written summary
Filtered air produced the highest ectomycorrhizal infection percentages in inoculated white oak.
- Taxon
- white oakQuercus albae0
- Treatment
- filtered air treatmente6
- Outcome
- infection percentagese6
- Direction
- higheste6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“juvenile loblolly pine (Pinus taedaL.) and white oak (Quercus albaL.)”
e6“the filtered air treatment produced the highest infection percentages in inoculated oak”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing O3 concentration decreased ectomycorrhizal colonization percentages in loblolly pine regardless of mycorrhizal treatment.
- Taxon
- loblolly pinePinus taedae0
- Treatment
- increasing O3 concentratione7
- Outcome
- colonization percentagese7
- Direction
- decreasede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“juvenile loblolly pine (Pinus taedaL.) and white oak (Quercus albaL.)”
e7“Ectomy-corrhizal colonization percentages in pine decreased with increasing O3 concentration”
Claim · model-written summary
Rains of pH 4.2 stimulated height growth in inoculated loblolly pine.
- Taxon
- loblolly pinePinus taedae0
- Treatment
- Rains of pH 4.2e1
- Outcome
- height growthe1
- Direction
- stimulatede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“juvenile loblolly pine (Pinus taedaL.) and white oak (Quercus albaL.)”
e1“Rains of pH 4.2 stimulated height growth in inoculated pine”
Claim · model-written summary
With declining rainfall pH, diameter decreased in inoculated white oak.
- Taxon
- white oakQuercus albae0
- Treatment
- declining pHe2
- Outcome
- diametere2
- Direction
- decreasede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“juvenile loblolly pine (Pinus taedaL.) and white oak (Quercus albaL.)”
e2“diameter decreased in inoculated oak but increased in uninoculat-ed oak with declining pH”
Claim · model-written summary
With declining rainfall pH, diameter increased in uninoculated white oak.
- Taxon
- white oakQuercus albae0
- Treatment
- declining pHe2
- Outcome
- diametere2
- Direction
- increasede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“juvenile loblolly pine (Pinus taedaL.) and white oak (Quercus albaL.)”
e2“diameter decreased in inoculated oak but increased in uninoculat-ed oak with declining pH”
Claim · model-written summary
pH 4.2 rainfall increased root weight in inoculated white oak.
- Taxon
- white oakQuercus albae0
- Treatment
- pH 4.2 rainfalle3
- Outcome
- root weighte3
- Direction
- increasede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“juvenile loblolly pine (Pinus taedaL.) and white oak (Quercus albaL.)”
e3“pH 4.2 rainfall increased root weight in inoculated oak”
Claim · model-written summary
pH 4.8 rainfall reduced shoot weight in white oak regardless of mycorrhizal treatment.
- Taxon
- white oakQuercus albae0
- Treatment
- pH 4.8e4
- Outcome
- shoot weighte4
- Direction
- reducede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“juvenile loblolly pine (Pinus taedaL.) and white oak (Quercus albaL.)”
e4“that of pH 4.8 reduced foliar injury but also shoot weight in oak regardless of mycorrhizal treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing rainfall acidity reduced ectomycorrhizal colonization in loblolly pine and white oak.
- Taxon
- loblolly pine (Pinus taedaL.) and white oak (Quercus albaL.)Pinus taedaQuercus albae0
- Treatment
- increasing rainfall aciditye5
- Outcome
- colonizatione5
- Direction
- reducede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“juvenile loblolly pine (Pinus taedaL.) and white oak (Quercus albaL.)”
e5“the my-corrhization response to increasing rainfall acidity was reduced colonization”
Claim · model-written summary
Ectomycorrhizal inoculation increased above- and below-ground growth of loblolly pine.
- Taxon
- loblolly pinePinus taedae0
- Treatment
- inoculatione2
- Interactor
- Pisolithus tinctorius
Pisolithus tinctoriuse1symbiont - Outcome
- above- and below-ground growthe2
- Direction
- increasee2
- Comparator
- natural mycobionte1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“juvenile loblolly pine (Pinus taedaL.) and white oak (Quercus albaL.)”
e1“induced ectomycorrhizal colonization (Pisolithus tinctorius [Pers.] Coker & Couch vs. natural mycobiont)”
e2“inoculation produced a substantial increase in above- and below-ground growth of both pine and oak”
Claim · model-written summary
Ectomycorrhizal inoculation increased above- and below-ground growth of white oak.
- Taxon
- white oakQuercus albae0
- Treatment
- inoculatione2
- Interactor
- Pisolithus tinctoriusPisolithus tinctoriuse1symbiont
- Outcome
- above- and below-ground growthe2
- Direction
- increasee2
- Comparator
- natural mycobionte1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“juvenile loblolly pine (Pinus taedaL.) and white oak (Quercus albaL.)”
e1“induced ectomycorrhizal colonization (Pisolithus tinctorius [Pers.] Coker & Couch vs. natural mycobiont)”
e2“inoculation produced a substantial increase in above- and below-ground growth of both pine and oak”
Claim · model-written summary
Ectomycorrhizal inoculation increased foliage density of loblolly pine.
- Taxon
- loblolly pinePinus taedae0
- Treatment
- inoculatione2
- Interactor
- Pisolithus tinctoriusPisolithus tinctoriuse1symbiont
- Outcome
- foliage densitye3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Comparator
- natural mycobionte1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“juvenile loblolly pine (Pinus taedaL.) and white oak (Quercus albaL.)”
e1“induced ectomycorrhizal colonization (Pisolithus tinctorius [Pers.] Coker & Couch vs. natural mycobiont)”
e2“inoculation produced a substantial increase in above- and below-ground growth of both pine and oak”
e3“also increased foliage density but reduced specific root length in each species”
Claim · model-written summary
Ectomycorrhizal inoculation reduced specific root length of loblolly pine.
- Taxon
- loblolly pinePinus taedae0
- Treatment
- inoculatione2
- Interactor
- Pisolithus tinctoriusPisolithus tinctoriuse1symbiont
- Outcome
- specific root lengthe3
- Direction
- reducede3
- Comparator
- natural mycobionte1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“juvenile loblolly pine (Pinus taedaL.) and white oak (Quercus albaL.)”
e1“induced ectomycorrhizal colonization (Pisolithus tinctorius [Pers.] Coker & Couch vs. natural mycobiont)”
e2“inoculation produced a substantial increase in above- and below-ground growth of both pine and oak”
e3“also increased foliage density but reduced specific root length in each species”
Claim · model-written summary
Ectomycorrhizal inoculation increased foliage density of white oak.
- Taxon
- white oakQuercus albae0
- Treatment
- inoculatione2
- Interactor
- Pisolithus tinctoriusPisolithus tinctoriuse1symbiont
- Outcome
- foliage densitye3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Comparator
- natural mycobionte1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“juvenile loblolly pine (Pinus taedaL.) and white oak (Quercus albaL.)”
e1“induced ectomycorrhizal colonization (Pisolithus tinctorius [Pers.] Coker & Couch vs. natural mycobiont)”
e2“inoculation produced a substantial increase in above- and below-ground growth of both pine and oak”
e3“also increased foliage density but reduced specific root length in each species”
Claim · model-written summary
Ectomycorrhizal inoculation reduced specific root length of white oak.
- Taxon
- white oakQuercus albae0
- Treatment
- inoculatione2
- Interactor
- Pisolithus tinctoriusPisolithus tinctoriuse1symbiont
- Outcome
- specific root lengthe3
- Direction
- reducede3
- Comparator
- natural mycobionte1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“juvenile loblolly pine (Pinus taedaL.) and white oak (Quercus albaL.)”
e1“induced ectomycorrhizal colonization (Pisolithus tinctorius [Pers.] Coker & Couch vs. natural mycobiont)”
e2“inoculation produced a substantial increase in above- and below-ground growth of both pine and oak”
e3“also increased foliage density but reduced specific root length in each species”
The same questions in other papers
ozone · growth · Pinus taeda (loblolly pine)Results differ
13 papers in the same direction as this paper
- no effect
- no effect
- negative
10 papers more in this group
See all 14 papers →ph · growth · Quercus alba (white oak)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- negative
ozone · crop injury · Pinus taeda (loblolly pine)Positive and negative results
2 in the opposite direction
- negative
- no effect
ph · growth · Pinus taeda (loblolly pine)Positive and negative results
3 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- no effect
- negative
rainfall · growth · Pinus taeda (loblolly pine)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 5 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- no effect
- no effect
4 papers more in this group
See all 8 papers →ozone · disease · Pinus taeda (loblolly pine)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- no effect
inoculation · Pisolithus tinctorius · Quercus alba (white oak)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
inoculation · Pisolithus tinctorius · Pinus taeda (loblolly pine)Results agree
6 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
3 papers more in this group
See all 7 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.