Abstract
The effects of soaking wheat grains in 50 μM indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) or in 1000 μM spermidine (Spd) on seedling growth, drought tolerance, osmoprotectant molecule concentrations, anti-oxidant systems and stem anatomy when grown under 250 or 500 μM copper stress were investigated. The plants exposed to Cu exhibited a substantial decline in growth, relative water content (RWC), soluble proteins and total soluble sugars, activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), guaiacol peroxidase (GPOX) and ascorbate peroxidase (APOX) and stem tissues structure. IAA or Spd alleviated the adverse effects of Cu-stress to varying degrees. Despite the preference for Spd, soaking grains in either compound increased the seedling growth, the relative water content, osmoprotectant concentrations, the activity of the anti-oxidant system and improved stem tissues structure while it reduced electrolyte leakage compared to control grains soaked in distilled water. These findings are important as the potential of IAA or Spd to alleviate the harmful effects of Cu toxicity offers an opportunity to increase the resistance of wheat plants to growth under copper stress conditions. Furthermore, the protective action of Spd was more efficient than IAA.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Copper exposure reduced wheat seedling growth and relative water content.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- Cue0
- Outcome
- growth, relative water content (RWC)e0
- Direction
- declinee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The plants exposed to Cu exhibited a substantial decline in growth, relative water content (RWC)”
t0“wheat seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Copper exposure reduced soluble proteins and total soluble sugars in wheat seedlings.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Cue0
- Outcome
- soluble proteins and total soluble sugarse0
- Direction
- declinee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The plants exposed to Cu exhibited a substantial decline in growth, relative water content (RWC), soluble proteins and total soluble sugars”
t0“wheat seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Copper exposure reduced SOD, GPOX and APOX activities in wheat seedlings.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Cue1
- Gene
- superoxide dismutase (SOD), guaiacol peroxidase (GPOX) and ascorbate peroxidase (APOX)e0
- Outcome
- activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), guaiacol peroxidase (GPOX) and ascorbate peroxidase (APOX)e0
- Direction
- declinee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), guaiacol peroxidase (GPOX) and ascorbate peroxidase (APOX) and stem tissues structure”
e1“The plants exposed to Cu exhibited a substantial decline in growth, relative water content (RWC), soluble proteins and total soluble sugars, activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), guaiacol peroxidase (GPOX) and ascorbate peroxidase (APOX)”
t0“wheat seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Copper exposure degraded wheat stem tissue structure.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Cue0
- Outcome
- stem tissues structuree0
- Direction
- declinee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The plants exposed to Cu exhibited a substantial decline in growth, relative water content (RWC), soluble proteins and total soluble sugars, activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), guaiacol peroxidase (GPOX) and ascorbate peroxidase (APOX) and stem tissues structure”
t0“wheat seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
IAA soaking increased wheat seedling growth, relative water content and osmoprotectant concentrations versus water soaking under copper stress.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 50 μM indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)e1
- Outcome
- seedling growth, the relative water content, osmoprotectant concentrationse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- control grains soaked in distilled watere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soaking grains in either compound increased the seedling growth, the relative water content, osmoprotectant concentrations, the activity of the anti-oxidant system and improved stem tissues structure while it reduced electrolyte leakage compared to control grains soaked in distilled water”
e1“soaking wheat grains in 50 μM indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) or in 1000 μM spermidine (Spd)”
t0“wheat seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermidine soaking increased wheat seedling growth, relative water content and osmoprotectant concentrations versus water soaking under copper stress.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 1000 μM spermidine (Spd)e1
- Outcome
- seedling growth, the relative water content, osmoprotectant concentrationse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- control grains soaked in distilled watere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soaking grains in either compound increased the seedling growth, the relative water content, osmoprotectant concentrations, the activity of the anti-oxidant system and improved stem tissues structure while it reduced electrolyte leakage compared to control grains soaked in distilled water”
e1“soaking wheat grains in 50 μM indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) or in 1000 μM spermidine (Spd)”
t0“wheat seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
IAA soaking increased wheat antioxidant-system activity versus water soaking under copper stress.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 50 μM indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)e2
- Outcome
- activity of the anti-oxidant systeme1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Comparator
- control grains soaked in distilled watere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the activity of the anti-oxidant system and improved stem tissues structure while it reduced electrolyte leakage compared to control grains soaked in distilled water”
e1“soaking grains in either compound increased the seedling growth, the relative water content, osmoprotectant concentrations, the activity of the anti-oxidant system”
e2“soaking wheat grains in 50 μM indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) or in 1000 μM spermidine (Spd)”
t0“wheat seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermidine soaking increased wheat antioxidant-system activity versus water soaking under copper stress.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 1000 μM spermidine (Spd)e2
- Outcome
- activity of the anti-oxidant systeme1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Comparator
- control grains soaked in distilled watere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the activity of the anti-oxidant system and improved stem tissues structure while it reduced electrolyte leakage compared to control grains soaked in distilled water”
e1“soaking grains in either compound increased the seedling growth, the relative water content, osmoprotectant concentrations, the activity of the anti-oxidant system”
e2“soaking wheat grains in 50 μM indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) or in 1000 μM spermidine (Spd)”
t0“wheat seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
IAA soaking improved wheat stem tissue structure versus water soaking under copper stress.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 50 μM indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)e1
- Outcome
- stem tissues structuree0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Comparator
- control grains soaked in distilled watere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“improved stem tissues structure while it reduced electrolyte leakage compared to control grains soaked in distilled water”
e1“soaking wheat grains in 50 μM indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) or in 1000 μM spermidine (Spd)”
t0“wheat seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermidine soaking improved wheat stem tissue structure versus water soaking under copper stress.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 1000 μM spermidine (Spd)e1
- Outcome
- stem tissues structuree0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Comparator
- control grains soaked in distilled watere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“improved stem tissues structure while it reduced electrolyte leakage compared to control grains soaked in distilled water”
e1“soaking wheat grains in 50 μM indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) or in 1000 μM spermidine (Spd)”
t0“wheat seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
IAA soaking reduced wheat seedling electrolyte leakage versus water soaking under copper stress.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 50 μM indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)e1
- Outcome
- electrolyte leakagee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- control grains soaked in distilled watere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it reduced electrolyte leakage compared to control grains soaked in distilled water”
e1“soaking wheat grains in 50 μM indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) or in 1000 μM spermidine (Spd)”
t0“wheat seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermidine soaking reduced wheat seedling electrolyte leakage versus water soaking under copper stress.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 1000 μM spermidine (Spd)e1
- Outcome
- electrolyte leakagee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- control grains soaked in distilled watere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it reduced electrolyte leakage compared to control grains soaked in distilled water”
e1“soaking wheat grains in 50 μM indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) or in 1000 μM spermidine (Spd)”
t0“wheat seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermidine protected wheat seedlings against copper toxicity more efficiently than IAA.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Spde0
- Outcome
- protective actione0
- Direction
- more efficiente0
- Comparator
- IAAe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the protective action of Spd was more efficient than IAA”
t0“copper tolerance in wheat seedlings”
The same questions in other papers
indole-3-acetic acid · physiology: oxidative · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results differ
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
copper atom · physiology: osmolytes · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results differ
5 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
- no effect
3 papers more in this group
See all 7 papers →copper atom · physiology: antioxidant enzymes · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results differ
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 6 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
5 papers more in this group
See all 9 papers →copper atom · physiology: water · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
copper atom · soil: physics · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
indole-3-acetic acid · physiology: water · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
2 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
indole-3-acetic acid · molecular: metabolites · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
7 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- no effect
- positive
6 papers more in this group
See all 10 papers →spermidine · physiology: oxidative · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
9 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
- positive
7 papers more in this group
See all 11 papers →8 of 11 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.