Abstract
Chitin, an N-acetyl-D-glucosamine polymer, is a component of fungal cell walls and a microbe/pathogen-associated molecular pattern that elicits plant defense responses. As polymeric chitin is difficult to handle due to its insolubility in water, many studies on chitin-induced immune responses have used water-soluble low-molecular weight chitin instead. Thus, it is unclear if polymeric chitin can induce resistance. Here, we examined the elicitor activity of chitin nanofiber (CNF) of submicron thickness prepared from polymeric chitin. CNF showed a high dispersing ability in water and induced both reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and chitin-induced defense-related gene expression in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. The Arabidopsis chitin elicitor receptor kinase 1 (Atcerk1) mutant, which is impaired in chitin perception, also failed to respond to CNF. CNF exposure triggered ROS generation in suspension-cultured cells from Oryza sativa. Furthermore, pre-treatment of Arabidopsis leaves with CNF effectively reduced pathogen infection by both the fungus Alternaria brassicicola and the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000. These results demonstrate that CNF has elicitor activity and will help define the role of polymeric chitin in plant immune responses.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
CNF dispersed well in water.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“CNF showed a high dispersing ability in water”
Claim · model-written summary
CNF induced ROS and defense gene expression in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thaliana
Arabidopsis thalianae0 - Organ / stage
- seedlingse0
- Treatment
- CNFe0
- Outcome
- reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and chitin-induced defense-related gene expressione0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CNF showed a high dispersing ability in water and induced both reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and chitin-induced defense-related gene expression in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings.”
Claim · model-written summary
The Arabidopsis Atcerk1 mutant failed to respond to CNF.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise0
- Material
- Atcerk1e0
- Treatment
- CNFe0
- Gene
- Arabidopsis chitin elicitor receptor kinase 1 (Atcerk1)e0
- Outcome
- failed to responde0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The Arabidopsis chitin elicitor receptor kinase 1 (Atcerk1) mutant, which is impaired in chitin perception, also failed to respond to CNF.”
Claim · model-written summary
CNF triggered ROS generation in Oryza sativa cultured cells.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativa
Oryza sativae0 - Organ / stage
- suspension-cultured cellse0
- Treatment
- CNF exposuree0
- Outcome
- ROS generatione0
- Direction
- triggerede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CNF exposure triggered ROS generation in suspension-cultured cells from Oryza sativa.”
Claim · model-written summary
CNF pretreatment reduced Alternaria brassicicola infection of Arabidopsis leaves.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- CNFe0
- Interactor
- Alternaria brassicicola
Alternaria brassicicolae0pathogen - Outcome
- pathogen infectione0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“pre-treatment of Arabidopsis leaves with CNF effectively reduced pathogen infection by both the fungus Alternaria brassicicola and the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000.”
Claim · model-written summary
CNF pretreatment reduced Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 infection of Arabidopsis leaves.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- CNFe0
- Interactor
- Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato str. DC3000e0pathogen
- Outcome
- pathogen infectione0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“pre-treatment of Arabidopsis leaves with CNF effectively reduced pathogen infection by both the fungus Alternaria brassicicola and the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude CNF has elicitor activity.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Outcome
- elicitor activitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These results demonstrate that CNF has elicitor activity”
e1“Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.