Paper · 2013 · Journal of Food Agriculture & Environment

Influence of kraal manure application time on emergence, growth and grain yield of maize grown in two soils with contrasting textures

Thulasizwe Mkhabela; S. A. Materechera

8
claims
11
verbatim quotes
9
citations
1
research areas
—
Not open access

Abstract

In order to establish the best time of applying two types of manure in different soil types, cattle and chicken manure were applied in pots at a rate equivalent to 10 t ha(-1) at one week before planting and the other at planting. The emergence of seedlings was higher in cattle than chicken manure-amended soils. The application of chicken manure at planting time tended to significantly reduce maize emergence in both soils. Similarly, in both soils, the height of maize was significantly higher in soils where manure was applied before planting. The maize grown in chicken manure-amended soils was significantly taller than that grown in cattle manure-amended soils. A similar trend was observed for maize grain yield. In general, the maize grown in the heavy clay soil performed better than that on the loamy sand for all the variables that were measured. Except for seedling emergence, chicken manure produced superior growth and yield of maize in both soils. The results indicate that the time of application of manure to the soil has an important bearing on the growth and grain yield of maize and suggest that soil texture has an important role in determining the response of maize to manure application. It was concluded that for both soils, the optimum time of application for cattle manure was two weeks before planting while for chicken manure it was at planting. Adoption of the appropriate manure application time and method would ensure high maize grain yields for small-scale farmers.

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The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.

Claims 8

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Emergence was higher with cattle manure than chicken manure.

Taxon
maizeZea mayst0
Treatment
cattlee0
Outcome
emergence of seedlingse0
Direction
highere0
Comparator
chicken manure-amended soilse0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Zea mays
Zea mays · TaxonAkwugo · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

t0

“maize”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 83–88 · show in text ↑
e0

“The emergence of seedlings was higher in cattle than chicken manure-amended soils”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 231–312 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultnegativesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

Chicken manure applied at planting tended to significantly reduce emergence in both soils.

Taxon
maizeZea mayse0
Treatment
chicken manure at planting timee0
Outcome
maize emergencee0
Direction
reducee0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Zea mays
Zea mays · TaxonAkwugo · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“The application of chicken manure at planting time tended to significantly reduce maize emergence in both soils”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 314–425 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

Applying manure before planting increased maize height in both soils.

Taxon
maizeZea mayse0
Treatment
manure was applied before plantinge0
Outcome
height of maizee0
Direction
highere0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Zea mays
Zea mays · TaxonAkwugo · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“in both soils, the height of maize was significantly higher in soils where manure was applied before planting”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 438–547 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

Chicken manure increased maize height relative to cattle manure.

Taxon
maizeZea mayse0
Treatment
chicken manure-amended soilse0
Outcome
maize growne0
Direction
tallere0
Comparator
cattle manure-amended soilse0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Zea mays
Zea mays · TaxonAkwugo · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“The maize grown in chicken manure-amended soils was significantly taller than that grown in cattle manure-amended soils”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 549–668 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Chicken manure increased maize grain yield relative to cattle manure.

Taxon
maizeZea mayse0
Treatment
chicken manure-amended soilse0
Outcome
maize grain yielde0
Comparator
cattle manure-amended soilse0

Not reportedDirection

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Zea mays
Zea mays · TaxonAkwugo · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“The maize grown in chicken manure-amended soils was significantly taller than that grown in cattle manure-amended soils. A similar trend was observed for maize grain yield”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 549–720 · show in text ↑
Associationobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Maize performed better on heavy clay soil than loamy sand for all measured variables.

Taxon
maizeZea mayse0
Outcome
all the variables that were measurede0
Direction
performed bettere0
Comparator
loamy sande0
Setting
heavy clay soile0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Zea mays
Zea mays · TaxonAkwugo · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“the maize grown in the heavy clay soil performed better than that on the loamy sand for all the variables that were measured”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 734–858 · show in text ↑
Recommendationauthor interpretationoriginal resultbasis n/a

Claim · model-written summary

The authors recommend cattle manure two weeks before planting.

Taxon
maizeZea mayst0
Outcome
optimum time of application for cattle manure was two weeks before plantinge0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Zea mays
Zea mays · TaxonAkwugo · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“for both soils, the optimum time of application for cattle manure was two weeks before planting while for chicken manure it was at planting”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1235–1374 · show in text ↑
t0

“maize”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 83–88 · show in text ↑
Recommendationauthor interpretationoriginal resultbasis n/a

Claim · model-written summary

The authors recommend chicken manure at planting.

Taxon
maizeZea mayst0
Outcome
for chicken manure it was at plantinge0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Zea mays
Zea mays · TaxonAkwugo · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“for both soils, the optimum time of application for cattle manure was two weeks before planting while for chicken manure it was at planting”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1235–1374 · show in text ↑
t0

“maize”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 83–88 · show in text ↑

fertilization · organism · Zea mays (maize)Results differ

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fertilization · yield · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results

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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.