Abstract
Glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats.) is a major problem in the southeastern U.S. Cooperative Extension personnel are actively promoting resistance management strategies, including integration of herbicides with other modes of action into glyphosate-based programs, to reduce selection pressure. This field experiment, conducted in five environments in North Carolina and Georgia during 2006 and 2007, evaluated residual control of Palmer amaranth by herbicides registered for use in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Treatments consisted of a factorial arrangement of 13 residual herbicides at 1X rates (manufacturer’s suggested use rates) and 1.5X rates. All herbicides were applied preemergence (PRE) to the weeds to evaluate residual effectiveness. Results varied by environment, depending primarily upon time and amount of rainfall. Herbicides at 1.5X rates were an average of 9% more effective 20 d after application compared with 1X rates. Of the herbicides typically applied PRE or preplant, fomesafen, flumioxazin, and pyrithiobac were the most effective. These herbicides controlled Palmer amaranth 74 to 100%, depending upon environment, at 20 d. Fluometuron and diuron were intermediately effective, controlling Palmer amaranth 41 to 91%, and pendimethalin and prometryn were least effective (30 to 82%). Pyrithiobac and S-metolachlor were the most effective of herbicides that could be applied postemergence (POST) to cotton. Pyrithiobac (75 to 97% at 20 d) was more effective than trifloxysulfuron (34 to 88%), and S-metolachlor (57 to 96%) was more effective than metolachlor (32 to 86%). Flumioxazin (82 to 100% at 20 d) was the most effective option for postemergence-directed (POST-DIR) application. Diuron, linuron, linuron plus diuron, and prometryn plus trifloxysulfuron were inter mediately effective (48 to 97%), and prometryn was least effective (30 to 79%). Integration of effective residual herbicides into glyphosate-based management systems will help sustain cotton production in areas infested with Palmer amaranth.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Control varied by environment, mainly with rainfall timing and amount.
- Taxon
- cotton
Gossypium hirsutume1 - Outcome
- Results varied by environmente0
- Setting
- environmente0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results varied by environment, depending primarily upon time and amount of rainfall.”
t0“Residual Herbicides for Palmer Amaranth Control”
e1“cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Rates of 1.5X were 9% more effective than 1X rates after 20 days.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume1
- Treatment
- Herbicides at 1.5X ratese0
- Outcome
- effectivee0
- Direction
- more effectivee0
- Value
- 9%e0
- Qualifier
- 20 d after applicatione0
- Comparator
- 1X ratese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Herbicides at 1.5X rates were an average of 9% more effective 20 d after application compared with 1X rates.”
t0“Residual Herbicides for Palmer Amaranth Control”
e1“cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fomesafen was among the most effective PRE or preplant herbicides, controlling Palmer amaranth 74 to 100% at 20 days.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume1
- Treatment
- fomesafene0
- Outcome
- controlled Palmer amaranthe0
- Direction
- most effectivee0
- Value
- 74 to 100%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Of the herbicides typically applied PRE or preplant, fomesafen, flumioxazin, and pyrithiobac were the most effective. These herbicides controlled Palmer amaranth 74 to 100%, depending upon environment, at 20 d.”
t0“Residual Herbicides for Palmer Amaranth Control”
e1“cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Flumioxazin was among the most effective PRE or preplant herbicides.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume1
- Treatment
- flumioxazine0
- Outcome
- most effectivee0
- Direction
- most effectivee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Of the herbicides typically applied PRE or preplant, fomesafen, flumioxazin, and pyrithiobac were the most effective.”
t0“Residual Herbicides for Palmer Amaranth Control”
e1“cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Pyrithiobac was among the most effective PRE or preplant herbicides.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume1
- Treatment
- pyrithiobace0
- Outcome
- most effectivee0
- Direction
- most effectivee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Of the herbicides typically applied PRE or preplant, fomesafen, flumioxazin, and pyrithiobac were the most effective.”
t0“Residual Herbicides for Palmer Amaranth Control”
e1“cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fluometuron had intermediate control of Palmer amaranth at 41 to 91%.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume1
- Treatment
- Fluometurone0
- Outcome
- controlling Palmer amaranthe0
- Direction
- intermediately effectivee0
- Value
- 41 to 91%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fluometuron and diuron were intermediately effective, controlling Palmer amaranth 41 to 91%”
t0“Residual Herbicides for Palmer Amaranth Control”
e1“cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Diuron had intermediate control of Palmer amaranth at 41 to 91%.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume1
- Treatment
- diurone0
- Outcome
- controlling Palmer amaranthe0
- Direction
- intermediately effectivee0
- Value
- 41 to 91%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fluometuron and diuron were intermediately effective, controlling Palmer amaranth 41 to 91%”
t0“Residual Herbicides for Palmer Amaranth Control”
e1“cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Pendimethalin was among the least effective, with 30 to 82% control.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume1
- Treatment
- pendimethaline0
- Outcome
- least effectivee0
- Direction
- least effectivee0
- Value
- 30 to 82%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“pendimethalin and prometryn were least effective (30 to 82%)”
t0“Residual Herbicides for Palmer Amaranth Control”
e1“cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Prometryn was among the least effective, with 30 to 82% control.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume1
- Treatment
- prometryne0
- Outcome
- least effectivee0
- Direction
- least effectivee0
- Value
- 30 to 82%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“pendimethalin and prometryn were least effective (30 to 82%)”
t0“Residual Herbicides for Palmer Amaranth Control”
e1“cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Pyrithiobac controlled Palmer amaranth better than trifloxysulfuron, at 75 to 97% at 20 days.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume1
- Treatment
- Pyrithiobace0
- Outcome
- more effectivee0
- Direction
- more effectivee0
- Value
- 75 to 97%e0
- Qualifier
- 34 to 88%e0
- Comparator
- trifloxysulfurone0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pyrithiobac (75 to 97% at 20 d) was more effective than trifloxysulfuron (34 to 88%)”
t0“Residual Herbicides for Palmer Amaranth Control”
e1“cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
S-metolachlor was more effective than metolachlor, at 57 to 96%.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume1
- Treatment
- S-metolachlore0
- Outcome
- more effectivee0
- Direction
- more effectivee0
- Value
- 57 to 96%e0
- Qualifier
- 32 to 86%e0
- Comparator
- metolachlore0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“S-metolachlor (57 to 96%) was more effective than metolachlor (32 to 86%)”
t0“Residual Herbicides for Palmer Amaranth Control”
e1“cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Flumioxazin was the most effective POST-DIR option, at 82 to 100% control.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume1
- Treatment
- Flumioxazine0
- Outcome
- most effective optione0
- Direction
- most effectivee0
- Value
- 82 to 100%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Flumioxazin (82 to 100% at 20 d) was the most effective option for postemergence-directed (POST-DIR) application.”
t0“Residual Herbicides for Palmer Amaranth Control”
e1“cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Diuron had intermediate POST-DIR effectiveness.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume1
- Treatment
- Diurone0
- Outcome
- inter mediately effectivee0
- Direction
- inter mediately effectivee0
- Value
- 48 to 97%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Diuron, linuron, linuron plus diuron, and prometryn plus trifloxysulfuron were inter mediately effective (48 to 97%)”
t0“Residual Herbicides for Palmer Amaranth Control”
e1“cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Linuron had intermediate POST-DIR effectiveness.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume1
- Treatment
- linurone0
- Outcome
- inter mediately effectivee0
- Direction
- inter mediately effectivee0
- Value
- 48 to 97%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Diuron, linuron, linuron plus diuron, and prometryn plus trifloxysulfuron were inter mediately effective (48 to 97%)”
t0“Residual Herbicides for Palmer Amaranth Control”
e1“cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Linuron plus diuron had intermediate POST-DIR effectiveness.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume1
- Treatment
- linuron plus diurone0
- Outcome
- inter mediately effectivee0
- Direction
- inter mediately effectivee0
- Value
- 48 to 97%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Diuron, linuron, linuron plus diuron, and prometryn plus trifloxysulfuron were inter mediately effective (48 to 97%)”
t0“Residual Herbicides for Palmer Amaranth Control”
e1“cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Prometryn plus trifloxysulfuron had intermediate POST-DIR effectiveness.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume1
- Treatment
- prometryn plus trifloxysulfurone0
- Outcome
- inter mediately effectivee0
- Direction
- inter mediately effectivee0
- Value
- 48 to 97%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Diuron, linuron, linuron plus diuron, and prometryn plus trifloxysulfuron were inter mediately effective (48 to 97%)”
t0“Residual Herbicides for Palmer Amaranth Control”
e1“cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Prometryn was least effective for POST-DIR application, at 30 to 79%.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume1
- Treatment
- prometryne0
- Outcome
- least effectivee0
- Direction
- least effectivee0
- Value
- 30 to 79%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“prometryn was least effective (30 to 79%)”
t0“Residual Herbicides for Palmer Amaranth Control”
e1“cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend integrating effective residual herbicides into glyphosate programs to sustain cotton production.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Interactor
- Palmer amaranthe0weed
- Outcome
- Integration of effective residual herbicides into glyphosate-based management systemse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Integration of effective residual herbicides into glyphosate-based management systems will help sustain cotton production in areas infested with Palmer amaranth.”
The same questions in other papers
diuron · organism · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
- positive
fluometuron · organism · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Positive and negative results
4 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- no effect
- positive
3 papers more in this group
See all 7 papers →fomesafen · control · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Positive and negative results
4 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction · 2 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- no effect
- no effect
4 papers more in this group
See all 8 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.