Abstract
New weed management tools and growth regulators make production of ultra narrow row (UNR) cotton possible. Weed control, cotton yield, fiber quality, and net returns were compared in UNR bromoxynil-resistant, glyphosate-resistant, and nontransgenic cotton. Weeds included broadleaf signalgrass, carpetweed, common cocklebur, common lambsquarters, common ragweed, goosegrass, jimsonweed, large crabgrass, Palmer amaranth, pitted morningglory, prickly sida, sicklepod, smooth pigweed, and tall morningglory. Pendimethalin preplant incorporated (PPI) in conventional-tillage or preemergence (PRE) in no-till systems plus fluometuron PRE did not adequately control many of these weeds. Pyrithiobac plus MSMA early postemergence (POST) often was more effective than pyrithiobac alone. Pendimethalin plus fluometuron at planting followed by pyrithiobac plus MSMA early POST controlled sicklepod 82%, goosegrass 89%, Palmer amaranth 92%, and the other species at least 95% late season. Pyrithiobac at mid-POST did not improve control. Bromoxynil plus MSMA early POST was more effective than bromoxynil alone only on sicklepod. Pendimethalin plus fluometuron at planting followed by bromoxynil plus MSMA early POST controlled sicklepod 62%, Palmer amaranth 81%, goosegrass 83%, and all other species at least 95%. Glyphosate early POST did not adequately control many species due to sustained weed emergence. Glyphosate early POST followed by glyphosate late POST (after last effective bloom date) controlled all species except pitted morningglory and tall morningglory at least 93%. Pendimethalin plus fluometuron followed by glyphosate early POST was the most effective glyphosate system overall, and it controlled sicklepod 88%, pitted morningglory 90%, and other species at least 93%. Glyphosate late POST did not increase control in systems with pendimethalin plus fluometuron at planting followed by glyphosate early POST. Yields and net returns were similar with all herbicide/cultivar systems at two of five locations. At other locations, yields and net returns were similar with systems of pendimethalin plus fluometuron at planting followed by pyrithiobac plus MSMA early POST, pendimethalin plus fluometuron followed by bromoxynil plus MSMA early POST, and glyphosate early POST. Greatest yields and net returns were obtained with pendimethalin plus fluometuron at planting followed by glyphosate early POST. Herbicide systems did not affect fiber quality.Nomenclature: Bromoxynil, 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile; fluometuron, N,N-dimethyl-N′-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]urea; glyphosate, N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine; MSMA, monosodium methanearsonate; pendimethalin, N-(1-ethylpropyl)-3,4-dimethyl-2,6-dinitrobenzenamine; pyrithiobac, 2-chloro-6-[(4,6-dimethoxy-2-pyrimidinyl)thio]benzoic acid; broadleaf signalgrass, Brachiaria platyphylla (Griseb.) Nash #3 BRAPP; carpetweed, Mollugo verticillata L. # MOLVE; common cocklebur, Xanthium strumarium L. # XANST; common lambsquarters, Chenopodium album L. # CHEAL; common ragweed, Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. # AMBEL; goosegrass, Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. # ELEIN; jimsonweed, Datura stramonium L. # DATST; large crabgrass, Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. # DIGSA; Palmer amaranth, Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats. # AMAPA; pitted morningglory, Ipomoea lacunosa L. # IPOLA; prickly sida, Sida spinosa L. # SIDSP; sicklepod, Senna obtusifolia (L.) Irwin and Barneby # CASOB; smooth pigweed, Amaranthus hybridus L. # AMACH; tall morningglory, Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth # PHBPU; cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L. ‘Deltapine 51,’ ‘Paymaster 1220RR,’ ‘Stoneville BXN 47.’Additional index words: Bromoxynil-resistant cotton, cotton yield, fiber quality, glyphosate-resistant cotton, transgenic herbicide-resistant cotton.Abbreviations: POST, postemergence; PPI, preplant incorporated; PRE, preemergence; UNR, ultra narrow row; WAP, weeks after planting.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Pendimethalin plus fluometuron did not adequately control many weeds.
- Taxon
- Cotton
Gossypium hirsutumt0 - Treatment
- Pendimethalin preplant incorporated (PPI)e0
- Outcome
- control many of these weedse0
- Direction
- did not adequatelye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pendimethalin preplant incorporated (PPI) in conventional-tillage or preemergence (PRE) in no-till systems plus fluometuron PRE did not adequately control many of these weeds”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Pyrithiobac plus MSMA early POST often exceeded pyrithiobac alone for weed control.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Pyrithiobac plus MSMA early postemergence (POST)e0
- Outcome
- more effectivee0
- Direction
- more effectivee0
- Comparator
- pyrithiobac alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pyrithiobac plus MSMA early postemergence (POST) often was more effective than pyrithiobac alone”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
The pyrithiobac plus MSMA sequence controlled sicklepod 82%.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Pendimethalin plus fluometuron at planting followed by pyrithiobac plus MSMA early POSTe0
- Interactor
- sicklepode0weed
- Outcome
- controlled sicklepode0
- Value
- 82%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pendimethalin plus fluometuron at planting followed by pyrithiobac plus MSMA early POST controlled sicklepod 82%, goosegrass 89%, Palmer amaranth 92%, and the other species at least 95% late season”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
The pyrithiobac plus MSMA sequence controlled goosegrass 89%.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Pendimethalin plus fluometuron at planting followed by pyrithiobac plus MSMA early POSTe0
- Interactor
- goosegrasse0weed
- Outcome
- goosegrasse0
- Value
- 89%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pendimethalin plus fluometuron at planting followed by pyrithiobac plus MSMA early POST controlled sicklepod 82%, goosegrass 89%, Palmer amaranth 92%, and the other species at least 95% late season”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
The pyrithiobac plus MSMA sequence controlled Palmer amaranth 92%.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Pendimethalin plus fluometuron at planting followed by pyrithiobac plus MSMA early POSTe0
- Interactor
- Palmer amaranthe0weed
- Outcome
- Palmer amaranthe0
- Value
- 92%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pendimethalin plus fluometuron at planting followed by pyrithiobac plus MSMA early POST controlled sicklepod 82%, goosegrass 89%, Palmer amaranth 92%, and the other species at least 95% late season”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
The pyrithiobac plus MSMA sequence controlled other weed species at least 95%.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Outcome
- other speciese0
- Value
- at least 95%e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“and the other species at least 95% late season”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Mid-POST pyrithiobac did not improve weed control.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Pyrithiobac at mid-POSTe0
- Outcome
- controle0
- Direction
- did not improvee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pyrithiobac at mid-POST did not improve control”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Bromoxynil plus MSMA exceeded bromoxynil alone only against sicklepod.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Bromoxynil plus MSMA early POSTe0
- Interactor
- sicklepode0weed
- Outcome
- more effectivee0
- Direction
- more effectivee0
- Comparator
- bromoxynil alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bromoxynil plus MSMA early POST was more effective than bromoxynil alone only on sicklepod”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
The bromoxynil plus MSMA sequence controlled sicklepod 62%.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Pendimethalin plus fluometuron at planting followed by bromoxynil plus MSMA early POSTe0
- Interactor
- sicklepode0weed
- Outcome
- sicklepode0
- Value
- 62%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pendimethalin plus fluometuron at planting followed by bromoxynil plus MSMA early POST controlled sicklepod 62%, Palmer amaranth 81%, goosegrass 83%, and all other species at least 95%”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
The bromoxynil plus MSMA sequence controlled Palmer amaranth 81%.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Pendimethalin plus fluometuron at planting followed by bromoxynil plus MSMA early POSTe0
- Interactor
- Palmer amaranthe0weed
- Outcome
- Palmer amaranthe0
- Value
- 81%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pendimethalin plus fluometuron at planting followed by bromoxynil plus MSMA early POST controlled sicklepod 62%, Palmer amaranth 81%, goosegrass 83%, and all other species at least 95%”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
The bromoxynil plus MSMA sequence controlled goosegrass 83%.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Pendimethalin plus fluometuron at planting followed by bromoxynil plus MSMA early POSTe0
- Interactor
- goosegrasse0weed
- Outcome
- goosegrasse0
- Value
- 83%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pendimethalin plus fluometuron at planting followed by bromoxynil plus MSMA early POST controlled sicklepod 62%, Palmer amaranth 81%, goosegrass 83%, and all other species at least 95%”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
The bromoxynil plus MSMA sequence controlled other species at least 95%.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Outcome
- all other speciese0
- Value
- at least 95%e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“and all other species at least 95%”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
A single early glyphosate application inadequately controlled many weeds.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Glyphosate early POSTe0
- Outcome
- control many speciese0
- Direction
- did not adequatelye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Glyphosate early POST did not adequately control many species due to sustained weed emergence”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Early plus late glyphosate controlled most species at least 93%, except two morningglories.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Glyphosate early POST followed by glyphosate late POSTe0
- Outcome
- controlled all species except pitted morningglory and tall morningglorye0
- Value
- at least 93%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Glyphosate early POST followed by glyphosate late POST (after last effective bloom date) controlled all species except pitted morningglory and tall morningglory at least 93%”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Pendimethalin plus fluometuron then early glyphosate controlled sicklepod 88%.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Pendimethalin plus fluometuron followed by glyphosate early POSTe0
- Interactor
- sicklepode0weed
- Outcome
- sicklepode0
- Value
- 88%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pendimethalin plus fluometuron followed by glyphosate early POST was the most effective glyphosate system overall, and it controlled sicklepod 88%, pitted morningglory 90%, and other species at least 93%”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Pendimethalin plus fluometuron then early glyphosate controlled pitted morningglory 90%.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Pendimethalin plus fluometuron followed by glyphosate early POSTe0
- Interactor
- pitted morningglorye0weed
- Outcome
- pitted morningglorye0
- Value
- 90%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pendimethalin plus fluometuron followed by glyphosate early POST was the most effective glyphosate system overall, and it controlled sicklepod 88%, pitted morningglory 90%, and other species at least 93%”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Pendimethalin plus fluometuron then early glyphosate controlled other species at least 93%.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Outcome
- other speciese0
- Value
- at least 93%e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“and other species at least 93%”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Late glyphosate did not increase control in systems with pendimethalin, fluometuron, and early glyphosate.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Glyphosate late POSTe0
- Outcome
- controle0
- Direction
- did not increasee0
- Comparator
- systems with pendimethalin plus fluometuron at planting followed by glyphosate early POSTe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Glyphosate late POST did not increase control in systems with pendimethalin plus fluometuron at planting followed by glyphosate early POST”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Cotton yields and net returns were similar across systems at two of five locations.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Outcome
- Yields and net returnse0
- Direction
- similare0
- Setting
- two of five locationse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Yields and net returns were similar with all herbicide/cultivar systems at two of five locations”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
The pendimethalin plus fluometuron then early glyphosate system gave the greatest yields and net returns; herbicide systems did not change fiber quality.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- pendimethalin plus fluometuron at planting followed by glyphosate early POSTe0
- Outcome
- Greatest yields and net returnse0
- Direction
- Greateste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Greatest yields and net returns were obtained with pendimethalin plus fluometuron at planting followed by glyphosate early POST. Herbicide systems did not affect fiber quality”
t0“Cotton”
The same questions in other papers
pendimethalin · organism · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- negative
- no effect
- positive
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →fluometuron · organism · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Positive and negative results
4 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- no effect
- no effect
3 papers more in this group
See all 7 papers →pendimethalin · control · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Positive and negative results
8 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- no effect
- negative
7 papers more in this group
See all 11 papers →fluometuron · control · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Positive and negative results
13 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- positive
- negative
13 papers more in this group
See all 17 papers →pendimethalin · weed · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 36 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
34 papers more in this group
See all 38 papers →glyphosate · control · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Positive and negative results
37 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
37 papers more in this group
See all 41 papers →3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile · organism · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
herbicide · organism · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Positive and negative results
20 papers in the same direction as this paper · 13 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- positive
- positive
31 papers more in this group
See all 35 papers →8 of 9 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.