Abstract
Aqueous extract of individual and mixed form of Azadirachta indica A. Juss seeds kernel and leaves of Milletia ferruginea, Hochst and Croton macrostachyus Hochst was tested against African bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera Hubner. Antifeedant activity of selected plant extract was tested at 1%, 2.5%, 5% and 10% concentration against 4th instar larvae of H. armigera in the laboratory and 5% concentration was tested under field condition. All the tested plant extract showed 100% protection at 5% and 10% concentration. Among the various botanical treatment Neem Seed Kernel Extract (NSKE) and NSKE+BLE (Birbira Leaves Extract) was effective at 2.5% concentration with minimum pod damage. In the field observation among the botanicals, reduction of larval population in the treatment of NSKE, BLE and NSKE+BLE was statistically not significant (p>0.05; LSD). The lowest percentage pod damage (0.45%) was observed in Diazinon 60% EC treated plot followed by NSKE treated plot (3.90%) after second spray. The highest mean yield was obtained from NSKE treated plot (781 g) followed by Diazinon 60% EC treated plot (719.33 g), NSKE+BLE (656.67 g) and BLE treated plot (653.33 g). Five days after second treatment there was a significant difference in the mean number of ants between NSKE+BLE, control and other treatments. The highest mean number of spiders was observed in control plot (3.6) and lowest (0.3) was in plot treated with Diazinon 60% EC. The reduction of lady bird beetle population among the botanicals treated plots was statistically not significant (p>0.05; LSD). The mean number of wasp population was the highest in control plot (3.3) and there was no wasp observed in Diazinon 60% EC treated plot. In conclusion, even though Diazinon 60% EC was found to be effective by considering the interaction of beneficial in the field botanical preparations are much better particularly NSKE and also suitable to spray under rain fed condition to protect the crop by small farming communities.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Tested extracts protected against bollworm at 5% and 10%.
- Taxon
- Chickpea
Cicer arietinumt0 - Treatment
- tested plant extracte0
- Interactor
- African Bollwormt0pest
- Outcome
- protectione0
- Direction
- 100% protectione0
- Value
- 100%e0
- Qualifier
- 5% and 10% concentratione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“African Bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera Hubner (Lepidoptera: noctuidae) and Non Target Organisms in Chickpea, Cicer arietinum L”
e0“All the tested plant extract showed 100% protection at 5% and 10% concentration”
Claim · model-written summary
NSKE produced minimum pod damage at 2.5%.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- Neem Seed Kernel Extract (NSKE)e0
- Interactor
- African Bollwormt0pest
- Outcome
- pod damagee0
- Direction
- minimume0
- Qualifier
- 2.5% concentratione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“African Bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera Hubner (Lepidoptera: noctuidae) and Non Target Organisms in Chickpea, Cicer arietinum L”
e0“Neem Seed Kernel Extract (NSKE) and NSKE+BLE (Birbira Leaves Extract) was effective at 2.5% concentration with minimum pod damage”
Claim · model-written summary
NSKE+BLE produced minimum pod damage at 2.5%.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- NSKE+BLE (Birbira Leaves Extract)e0
- Interactor
- African Bollwormt0pest
- Outcome
- pod damagee0
- Direction
- minimume0
- Qualifier
- 2.5% concentratione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“African Bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera Hubner (Lepidoptera: noctuidae) and Non Target Organisms in Chickpea, Cicer arietinum L”
e0“Neem Seed Kernel Extract (NSKE) and NSKE+BLE (Birbira Leaves Extract) was effective at 2.5% concentration with minimum pod damage”
Claim · model-written summary
Botanical treatments reduced larval populations without a statistically significant difference.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- NSKE, BLE and NSKE+BLEe0
- Interactor
- African Bollwormt0pest
- Outcome
- larval populatione0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“African Bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera Hubner (Lepidoptera: noctuidae) and Non Target Organisms in Chickpea, Cicer arietinum L”
e0“reduction of larval population in the treatment of NSKE, BLE and NSKE+BLE was statistically not significant (p>0.05; LSD)”
Claim · model-written summary
Diazinon had the lowest pod damage, 0.45%, after the second spray.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- Diazinon 60% ECe0
- Interactor
- African Bollwormt0pest
- Outcome
- pod damagee0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Value
- 0.45%e0
- Comparator
- NSKE treated plote0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“African Bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera Hubner (Lepidoptera: noctuidae) and Non Target Organisms in Chickpea, Cicer arietinum L”
e0“The lowest percentage pod damage (0.45%) was observed in Diazinon 60% EC treated plot followed by NSKE treated plot (3.90%) after second spray”
Claim · model-written summary
NSKE treated plots had 3.90% pod damage after the second spray.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- NSKEe0
- Interactor
- African Bollwormt0pest
- Outcome
- pod damagee0
- Value
- 3.90%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“African Bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera Hubner (Lepidoptera: noctuidae) and Non Target Organisms in Chickpea, Cicer arietinum L”
e0“The lowest percentage pod damage (0.45%) was observed in Diazinon 60% EC treated plot followed by NSKE treated plot (3.90%) after second spray”
Claim · model-written summary
NSKE produced the highest mean yield, 781 g.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- NSKEe0
- Outcome
- mean yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 781 ge0
- Comparator
- Diazinon 60% ECe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“African Bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera Hubner (Lepidoptera: noctuidae) and Non Target Organisms in Chickpea, Cicer arietinum L”
e0“The highest mean yield was obtained from NSKE treated plot (781 g) followed by Diazinon 60% EC treated plot (719.33 g), NSKE+BLE (656.67 g) and BLE treated plot (653.33 g)”
Claim · model-written summary
Diazinon produced a mean yield of 719.33 g.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- Diazinon 60% ECe0
- Outcome
- mean yielde0
- Value
- 719.33 ge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“African Bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera Hubner (Lepidoptera: noctuidae) and Non Target Organisms in Chickpea, Cicer arietinum L”
e0“The highest mean yield was obtained from NSKE treated plot (781 g) followed by Diazinon 60% EC treated plot (719.33 g), NSKE+BLE (656.67 g) and BLE treated plot (653.33 g)”
Claim · model-written summary
NSKE+BLE produced a mean yield of 656.67 g.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- NSKE+BLEe0
- Outcome
- mean yielde0
- Value
- 656.67 ge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“African Bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera Hubner (Lepidoptera: noctuidae) and Non Target Organisms in Chickpea, Cicer arietinum L”
e0“The highest mean yield was obtained from NSKE treated plot (781 g) followed by Diazinon 60% EC treated plot (719.33 g), NSKE+BLE (656.67 g) and BLE treated plot (653.33 g)”
Claim · model-written summary
BLE produced a mean yield of 653.33 g.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- BLEe0
- Outcome
- mean yielde0
- Value
- 653.33 ge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“African Bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera Hubner (Lepidoptera: noctuidae) and Non Target Organisms in Chickpea, Cicer arietinum L”
e0“The highest mean yield was obtained from NSKE treated plot (781 g) followed by Diazinon 60% EC treated plot (719.33 g), NSKE+BLE (656.67 g) and BLE treated plot (653.33 g)”
Claim · model-written summary
Ant abundance differed significantly across NSKE+BLE, control and other treatments after the second treatment.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- NSKE+BLEe0
- Interactor
- antsFormicidaee0other
- Outcome
- mean number of antse0
- Comparator
- controle0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“African Bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera Hubner (Lepidoptera: noctuidae) and Non Target Organisms in Chickpea, Cicer arietinum L”
e0“Five days after second treatment there was a significant difference in the mean number of ants between NSKE+BLE, control and other treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Spider abundance was highest in control plots at 3.6.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Outcome
- mean number of spiderse0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 3.6e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“African Bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera Hubner (Lepidoptera: noctuidae) and Non Target Organisms in Chickpea, Cicer arietinum L”
e0“The highest mean number of spiders was observed in control plot (3.6)”
Claim · model-written summary
Spider abundance was lowest with Diazinon at 0.3.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- Diazinon 60% ECe0
- Outcome
- mean number of spiderse1
- Direction
- loweste0
- Value
- 0.3e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“African Bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera Hubner (Lepidoptera: noctuidae) and Non Target Organisms in Chickpea, Cicer arietinum L”
e0“lowest (0.3) was in plot treated with Diazinon 60% EC”
e1“mean number of spiders”
Claim · model-written summary
Botanical treatments did not significantly reduce ladybird beetle populations.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- botanicalse0
- Interactor
- lady bird beetlee0other
- Outcome
- lady bird beetle populatione0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“African Bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera Hubner (Lepidoptera: noctuidae) and Non Target Organisms in Chickpea, Cicer arietinum L”
e0“The reduction of lady bird beetle population among the botanicals treated plots was statistically not significant (p>0.05; LSD)”
Claim · model-written summary
Wasp abundance was highest in controls at 3.3.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Interactor
- waspe0other
- Outcome
- mean number of wasp populatione0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 3.3e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“African Bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera Hubner (Lepidoptera: noctuidae) and Non Target Organisms in Chickpea, Cicer arietinum L”
e0“The mean number of wasp population was the highest in control plot (3.3)”
Claim · model-written summary
No wasps were observed in Diazinon plots.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- Diazinon 60% ECe0
- Interactor
- waspe0other
- Outcome
- no wasp observede0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“African Bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera Hubner (Lepidoptera: noctuidae) and Non Target Organisms in Chickpea, Cicer arietinum L”
e0“there was no wasp observed in Diazinon 60% EC treated plot”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend botanical preparations, particularly NSKE, for rain-fed smallholder chickpea protection.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Outcome
- botanical preparations are much better particularly NSKE and also suitable to spray under rain fed conditione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“African Bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera Hubner (Lepidoptera: noctuidae) and Non Target Organisms in Chickpea, Cicer arietinum L”
e0“botanical preparations are much better particularly NSKE and also suitable to spray under rain fed condition to protect the crop by small farming communities”
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