Abstract
Abstract: Seed borne diseases are important constraints to maize production. Investigations were carried out to identify fungal infection of maize seed and determine its effect on seed germination. Studies on the effects of fungicides and essential oils from aromatic plants on the level of seed-borne F. moniliforme and its seed to seedling transmission were also part of the work. Blotter method was used for seed health testing while germination in sand was followed for seed germination test. Maize seed samples identified with low infection (1-10%), medium infection (11-30%) and heavy infection (<30%) of F. moniliforme showed a germination of 93%, 98 % and 85 % respectively proving that heavy infection of this fungus reduces significantly the germination and should be controlled. Seed treatment with 3 fungicides i.e Apron star, Benlate and Marshall resulted into a significant increase in the germination only in the heavily infected category. It could be concluded that seed lot identified as low and medium F. moniliforme infection can be sown without any seed treatment. The control of F. moniliforme in seeds was achieved at 90 % in all the 4 cultivars tested using the essential oils extracted from O. gratissimum and C. citratus. Improvement of the germination was recorded from the treatment with the essential oils. The control of seed to seedling transmission of F. moniliforme was achieved at 47 % for the essential oils O. gratissimum and 31 % for C. citratus. These control effects of the essential oils from O. gratissimum and C. citratus on F. moniliforme in maize seeds as well as the improvement
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Maize seed with low F. moniliforme infection (1-10%) showed 93% germination.
- Interactor
- F. moniliforme
Fusarium verticillioidese1pathogen - Outcome
- germinatione1
- Value
- 93%e1
- Qualifier
- low infection (1-10%)e1
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Maize seed samples identified with low infection (1-10%), medium infection (11-30%) and heavy infection (<30%) of F. moniliforme showed a germination of 93%, 98 % and 85 % respectively proving that heavy infection of this fungus reduces significantly the germination”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize seed with medium F. moniliforme infection (11-30%) showed 98% germination.
- Interactor
- F. moniliformeFusarium verticillioidese1pathogen
- Outcome
- germinatione1
- Value
- 98 %e1
- Qualifier
- medium infection (11-30%)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Maize seed samples identified with low infection (1-10%), medium infection (11-30%) and heavy infection (<30%) of F. moniliforme showed a germination of 93%, 98 % and 85 % respectively proving that heavy infection of this fungus reduces significantly the germination”
Claim · model-written summary
Heavy F. moniliforme infection (<30%) significantly reduced maize seed germination to 85%, compared with low and medium infection.
- Interactor
- F. moniliformeFusarium verticillioidese1pathogen
- Outcome
- germinatione1
- Direction
- reducese1
- Value
- 85 %e1
- Qualifier
- heavy infection (<30%)e1
- Comparator
- low infection (1-10%), medium infection (11-30%)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Maize seed samples identified with low infection (1-10%), medium infection (11-30%) and heavy infection (<30%) of F. moniliforme showed a germination of 93%, 98 % and 85 % respectively proving that heavy infection of this fungus reduces significantly the germination”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed treatment with three fungicides (Apron star, Benlate, Marshall) significantly increased germination only in heavily infected maize seed.
- Treatment
- Seed treatment with 3 fungicides i.e Apron star, Benlate and Marshalle1
- Outcome
- germinatione1
- Direction
- increasee1
- Qualifier
- only in the heavily infected categorye1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize Seed-Borne”
e1“Seed treatment with 3 fungicides i.e Apron star, Benlate and Marshall resulted into a significant increase in the germination only in the heavily infected category”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize seed lots with low and medium F. moniliforme infection can be sown without any seed treatment.
- Interactor
- F. moniliformeFusarium verticillioidese1pathogen
- Outcome
- can be sown without any seed treatmente1
- Qualifier
- low and medium F. moniliforme infectione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize Seed-Borne”
e1“seed lot identified as low and medium F. moniliforme infection can be sown without any seed treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Essential oils from O. gratissimum and C. citratus controlled F. moniliforme in seeds of four maize cultivars, reaching 90%.
- Material
- 4 cultivarse1
- Treatment
- essential oils extracted from O. gratissimum and C. citratuse1
- Interactor
- F. moniliformeFusarium verticillioidese1pathogen
- Outcome
- control of F. moniliforme in seedse1
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede1
- Value
- 90 %e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize Seed-Borne”
e1“The control of F. moniliforme in seeds was achieved at 90 % in all the 4 cultivars tested using the essential oils extracted from O. gratissimum and C. citratus”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatment with the essential oils improved maize seed germination.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize Seed-Borne”
e1“Improvement of the germination was recorded from the treatment with the essential oils”
Claim · model-written summary
Essential oil from O. gratissimum controlled seed-to-seedling transmission of F. moniliforme, reaching 47%.
- Treatment
- essential oils O. gratissimume1
- Interactor
- F. moniliformeFusarium verticillioidese1pathogen
- Outcome
- control of seed to seedling transmissione1
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede1
- Value
- 47 %e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize Seed-Borne”
e1“The control of seed to seedling transmission of F. moniliforme was achieved at 47 % for the essential oils O. gratissimum and 31 % for C. citratus”
Claim · model-written summary
Essential oil from C. citratus controlled seed-to-seedling transmission of F. moniliforme, reaching 31%.
- Treatment
- C. citratuse1
- Interactor
- F. moniliformeFusarium verticillioidese1pathogen
- Outcome
- control of seed to seedling transmissione1
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede1
- Value
- 31 %e1
- Qualifier
- essential oilse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize Seed-Borne”
e1“The control of seed to seedling transmission of F. moniliforme was achieved at 47 % for the essential oils O. gratissimum and 31 % for C. citratus”
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