Abstract
ABSTRACT This study examined protein induction and accumulation during imbibition and germination of corn kernels, as well as antifungal activities of extracts from germinating kernels against Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium moniliforme. Genotypes studied included GT-MAS:gk and Mp420, which are resistant to A. flavus infection and aflatoxin accumulation, and Pioneer 3154 and Deltapine G-4666, which are susceptible to A. flavus infection and aflatoxin accumulation. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis resolved five protein bands that were present at higher concentrations in germinated kernels than in nongerminated kernels. Western blot analyses revealed that one of these proteins reacted with the 22-kDa zeamatin antiserum, and a zeamatin-like protein accumulated to a higher concentration in germinated kernels. Two protein bands from dry kernels that reacted with ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP) antiserum were identified as the 32-kDa proRIP-like form and an 18-kDa peptide of the two peptides that form active RIP. However, in germinated kernels, two protein bands that reacted with RIP antiserum were identified as two RIP-like peptides with a molecular mass of approximately 18 and 9 kDa. Purified RIP and zeamatin from corn inhibited growth of A. flavus. Bioassays of germinated kernel extracts from all four genotypes exhibited antifungal activity against A. flavus and F. moniliforme, with extracts from the susceptible genotypes showing greater inhibition zones. This study provides evidence of protein induction in corn kernels during imbibition or the early stages of germination, and the induced proteins may be related to our previous findings of germination-associated resistance in the corn kernel, especially in the susceptible kernels.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Five protein bands were more concentrated in germinated than nongerminated kernels.
- Taxon
- Corn
Zea mays subsp. mayst0 - Organ / stage
- germinated kernelse0
- Outcome
- protein bandse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- fivee0
- Comparator
- nongerminated kernelse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Corn Kernels”
e0“five protein bands that were present at higher concentrations in germinated kernels than in nongerminated kernels”
Claim · model-written summary
A zeamatin-like protein accumulated more strongly in germinated kernels.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Organ / stage
- germinated kernelse0
- Gene
- zeamatin-like proteine0
- Outcome
- concentratione0
- Direction
- highere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Corn Kernels”
e0“a zeamatin-like protein accumulated to a higher concentration in germinated kernels”
Claim · model-written summary
Dry kernels contained 32-kDa proRIP-like and 18-kDa RIP-related bands.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Organ / stage
- dry kernelse0
- Outcome
- 32-kDa proRIP-like form and an 18-kDa peptidee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Corn Kernels”
e0“Two protein bands from dry kernels that reacted with ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP) antiserum were identified as the 32-kDa proRIP-like form and an 18-kDa peptide of the two peptides that form active RIP.”
Claim · model-written summary
Germinated kernels contained two RIP-like peptides of about 18 and 9 kDa.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Organ / stage
- germinated kernelse0
- Outcome
- two RIP-like peptidese0
- Value
- approximately 18 and 9 kDae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Corn Kernels”
e0“in germinated kernels, two protein bands that reacted with RIP antiserum were identified as two RIP-like peptides with a molecular mass of approximately 18 and 9 kDa”
Claim · model-written summary
Purified RIP and zeamatin inhibited A. flavus growth.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- Purified RIP and zeamatine0
- Interactor
- A. flavus
Aspergillus flavuse0pathogen - Outcome
- growth of A. flavuse0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Purified RIP and zeamatin from corn inhibited growth of A. flavus.”
Claim · model-written summary
Germinated kernel extracts from all four genotypes inhibited A. flavus.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- germinated kernel extractse0
- Interactor
- A. flavusAspergillus flavuse0pathogen
- Outcome
- antifungal activity against A. flavuse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Corn Kernels”
e0“germinated kernel extracts from all four genotypes exhibited antifungal activity against A. flavus and F. moniliforme”
Claim · model-written summary
Germinated kernel extracts from all four genotypes inhibited F. moniliforme.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- germinated kernel extractse0
- Interactor
- F. moniliforme
Fusarium verticillioidese0pathogen - Outcome
- antifungal activity against A. flavus and F. moniliformee0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Corn Kernels”
e0“germinated kernel extracts from all four genotypes exhibited antifungal activity against A. flavus and F. moniliforme”
Claim · model-written summary
Extracts from susceptible genotypes produced larger inhibition zones.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Material
- susceptible genotypese0
- Outcome
- inhibition zonese0
- Direction
- greatere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Corn Kernels”
e0“extracts from the susceptible genotypes showing greater inhibition zones”
The same questions in other papers
botanical · Fusarium verticillioides · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
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- no effect
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See all 14 papers →botanical · Aspergillus flavus · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
19 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- negative
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See all 22 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.