Abstract
Fruit of `Redchief Delicious' apple [ Malus sylvestris (L) Mill. var. domestica (Borkh.) Mansf.] were harvested 1 week before the climacteric (harvest 1), at the onset of the climacteric (harvest 2), and 1 week after the onset of the climacteric (harvest 3). Fruit were stored at 0, 5, 10, 15, or 20 °C and were treated with 0.7 μL·L -1 1-MCP on a once-per-week, once-per-2-week, once-per-month, and once-per-year basis or were left nontreated. The initial 1-MCP treatment was at 20 °C and subsequent applications were at storage temperatures. The compound slowed softening at all temperatures relative to nontreated fruit, however as temperature decreased, the benefits of 1-MCP application became less pronounced. Effectiveness of 1-MCP declined slightly as harvest maturity increased. Efficacy of 1-MCP treatment increased with greater frequency of application at 5, 10, 15, and 20 °C, but not at 0 °C. Fruit stored without refrigeration (20 °C) for more than 100 days did not soften significantly when treated once per week with 1-MCP. However, decay was a significant problem for treated and nontreated fruit stored at temperatures >5 °C; 1-MCP application reduced, but did not prevent decay. Rate of decline in titratable acidity increased with storage temperature and 1-MCP had no significant effect on retarding the decline in acid content. Minimal (Fo) and maximal (Fm) chlorophyll fluorescence was altered markedly by 1-MCP application, but the ratio of (Fm-Fo)/Fm was only slightly affected. The most effective 1-MCP treatment frequency was once per week and, at all elevated temperatures (5, 10, 15, and 20 °C), slowed loss of firmness to a greater extent than refrigeration (0 °C) alone. Application of 1-MCP resulted in greater retention of firmness than controlled atmosphere (CA) with O 2 and CO 2 at 1.5 kPa and 3 kPa, respectively. Data suggest that 1-MCP application, has the potential to reduce reliance on refrigeration and CA storage for maintaining firmness of `Redchief Delicious' apple, especially for relatively short storage durations (<50 days) when fruit are harvested within a week of the ethylene climacteric. Chemical name used: 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP).
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
1-MCP slowed softening of apple fruit at all storage temperatures relative to nontreated fruit.
- Taxon
- apple
Malus domesticat0 - Material
- Redchief Deliciouse7
- Treatment
- 1-MCPe0
- Outcome
- softeninge0
- Direction
- slowede0
- Comparator
- nontreated fruite0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apples”
e7“Fruit of `Redchief Delicious' apple”
e0“The compound slowed softening at all temperatures relative to nontreated fruit, however as temperature decreased, the benefits of 1-MCP application became less pronounced”
Claim · model-written summary
The benefits of 1-MCP became less pronounced as storage temperature decreased.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- Redchief Deliciouse7
- Treatment
- temperaturee0
- Outcome
- benefits of 1-MCP applicatione0
- Direction
- less pronouncede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apples”
e7“Fruit of `Redchief Delicious' apple”
e0“The compound slowed softening at all temperatures relative to nontreated fruit, however as temperature decreased, the benefits of 1-MCP application became less pronounced”
Claim · model-written summary
Effectiveness of 1-MCP declined slightly as harvest maturity increased.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- Redchief Deliciouse7
- Treatment
- harvest maturitye1
- Outcome
- Effectiveness of 1-MCPe1
- Direction
- declined slightlye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apples”
e7“Fruit of `Redchief Delicious' apple”
e1“Effectiveness of 1-MCP declined slightly as harvest maturity increased”
Claim · model-written summary
Efficacy of 1-MCP increased with greater application frequency at 5, 10, 15 and 20 °C.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- Redchief Deliciouse7
- Treatment
- greater frequency of applicatione2
- Outcome
- Efficacy of 1-MCP treatmente2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Setting
- 5, 10, 15, and 20 °Ce2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apples”
e7“Fruit of `Redchief Delicious' apple”
e2“Efficacy of 1-MCP treatment increased with greater frequency of application at 5, 10, 15, and 20 °C, but not at 0 °C”
Claim · model-written summary
Greater application frequency of 1-MCP did not increase efficacy at 0 °C.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- Redchief Deliciouse7
- Treatment
- greater frequency of applicatione2
- Outcome
- Efficacy of 1-MCP treatmente2
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede2
- Setting
- 0 °Ce2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apples”
e7“Fruit of `Redchief Delicious' apple”
e2“Efficacy of 1-MCP treatment increased with greater frequency of application at 5, 10, 15, and 20 °C, but not at 0 °C”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit stored at 20 °C for more than 100 days did not soften significantly when treated once per week with 1-MCP.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- Redchief Deliciouse7
- Treatment
- once per week with 1-MCPe3
- Outcome
- softene3
- Direction
- did not soften significantlye3
- Setting
- 20 °Ce3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apples”
e7“Fruit of `Redchief Delicious' apple”
e3“Fruit stored without refrigeration (20 °C) for more than 100 days did not soften significantly when treated once per week with 1-MCP”
Claim · model-written summary
Decay was a significant problem for treated and nontreated fruit stored at temperatures above 5 °C.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- Redchief Deliciouse7
- Outcome
- decaye4
- Setting
- temperatures >5 °Ce4
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apples”
e7“Fruit of `Redchief Delicious' apple”
e4“However, decay was a significant problem for treated and nontreated fruit stored at temperatures >5 °C; 1-MCP application reduced, but did not prevent decay”
Claim · model-written summary
1-MCP application reduced decay in fruit stored above 5 °C.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- Redchief Deliciouse7
- Treatment
- 1-MCP applicatione4
- Outcome
- decaye4
- Direction
- reducede4
- Comparator
- nontreated fruite4
- Setting
- temperatures >5 °Ce4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apples”
e7“Fruit of `Redchief Delicious' apple”
e4“However, decay was a significant problem for treated and nontreated fruit stored at temperatures >5 °C; 1-MCP application reduced, but did not prevent decay”
Claim · model-written summary
1-MCP application did not prevent decay in fruit stored above 5 °C.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- Redchief Deliciouse7
- Treatment
- 1-MCP applicatione4
- Outcome
- decaye4
- Direction
- did not prevente4
- Comparator
- nontreated fruite4
- Setting
- temperatures >5 °Ce4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apples”
e7“Fruit of `Redchief Delicious' apple”
e4“However, decay was a significant problem for treated and nontreated fruit stored at temperatures >5 °C; 1-MCP application reduced, but did not prevent decay”
Claim · model-written summary
The rate of decline in titratable acidity increased with storage temperature.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- Redchief Deliciouse7
- Treatment
- storage temperaturee5
- Outcome
- Rate of decline in titratable aciditye5
- Direction
- increasede5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apples”
e7“Fruit of `Redchief Delicious' apple”
e5“Rate of decline in titratable acidity increased with storage temperature and 1-MCP had no significant effect on retarding the decline in acid content”
Claim · model-written summary
1-MCP had no significant effect on retarding the decline in acid content.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- Redchief Deliciouse7
- Treatment
- 1-MCPe5
- Outcome
- decline in acid contente5
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apples”
e7“Fruit of `Redchief Delicious' apple”
e5“Rate of decline in titratable acidity increased with storage temperature and 1-MCP had no significant effect on retarding the decline in acid content”
Claim · model-written summary
1-MCP application markedly altered minimal (Fo) and maximal (Fm) chlorophyll fluorescence.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- Redchief Deliciouse7
- Treatment
- 1-MCP applicatione6
- Outcome
- Minimal (Fo) and maximal (Fm) chlorophyll fluorescencee6
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apples”
e7“Fruit of `Redchief Delicious' apple”
e6“Minimal (Fo) and maximal (Fm) chlorophyll fluorescence was altered markedly by 1-MCP application, but the ratio of (Fm-Fo)/Fm was only slightly affected”
Claim · model-written summary
1-MCP application only slightly affected the ratio (Fm-Fo)/Fm.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- Redchief Deliciouse7
- Treatment
- 1-MCP applicatione6
- Outcome
- (Fm-Fo)/Fme6
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apples”
e7“Fruit of `Redchief Delicious' apple”
e6“Minimal (Fo) and maximal (Fm) chlorophyll fluorescence was altered markedly by 1-MCP application, but the ratio of (Fm-Fo)/Fm was only slightly affected”
Claim · model-written summary
Applying 1-MCP once per week slowed loss of firmness to a greater extent than refrigeration (0 °C) alone at all elevated temperatures.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- Redchief Deliciouse7
- Treatment
- once per weeke6
- Outcome
- loss of firmnesse6
- Direction
- slowede6
- Comparator
- refrigeration (0 °C) alonee6
- Setting
- 5, 10, 15, and 20 °Ce6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apples”
e7“Fruit of `Redchief Delicious' apple”
e6“The most effective 1-MCP treatment frequency was once per week and, at all elevated temperatures (5, 10, 15, and 20 °C), slowed loss of firmness to a greater extent than refrigeration (0 °C) alone”
Claim · model-written summary
The most effective 1-MCP treatment frequency was once per week.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- Redchief Deliciouse7
- Outcome
- most effective 1-MCP treatment frequencye6
- Value
- once per weeke6
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apples”
e7“Fruit of `Redchief Delicious' apple”
e6“The most effective 1-MCP treatment frequency was once per week and, at all elevated temperatures (5, 10, 15, and 20 °C), slowed loss of firmness to a greater extent than refrigeration (0 °C) alone”
Claim · model-written summary
1-MCP resulted in greater retention of firmness than controlled atmosphere storage with 1.5 kPa O2 and 3 kPa CO2.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- Redchief Deliciouse7
- Treatment
- Application of 1-MCPe5
- Outcome
- retention of firmnesse5
- Direction
- greater retentione5
- Comparator
- controlled atmosphere (CA) with O 2 and CO 2 at 1.5 kPa and 3 kPae5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apples”
e7“Fruit of `Redchief Delicious' apple”
e5“Application of 1-MCP resulted in greater retention of firmness than controlled atmosphere (CA) with O 2 and CO 2 at 1.5 kPa and 3 kPa, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
1-MCP has the potential to reduce reliance on refrigeration and CA storage for maintaining apple firmness, especially for short storage durations when fruit are harvested within a week of the ethylene climacteric.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- Redchief Deliciouse7
- Treatment
- 1-MCP applicatione1
- Outcome
- reduce reliance on refrigeration and CA storage for maintaining firmnesse1
- Qualifier
- especially for relatively short storage durations (<50 days) when fruit are harvested within a week of the ethylene climacterice0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apples”
e7“Fruit of `Redchief Delicious' apple”
e0“especially for relatively short storage durations (<50 days) when fruit are harvested within a week of the ethylene climacteric”
e1“Data suggest that 1-MCP application, has the potential to reduce reliance on refrigeration and CA storage for maintaining firmness”
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