Abstract
The objectives of this study were to use a computer simulation model to predict the influence of herbicides and mechanical treatments on giant foxtail population dynamics, annualized net return (ANR), and the giant foxtail economic optimum threshold (EOT) in a corn–soybean rotation over 20 yr. Mechanical treatments were interrow cultivation in corn and rotary hoe in soybean. Herbicides at full (1 ×) and half (½ ×) rates applied alone reduced giant foxtail seedbank 95% within 4 and 8 yr, respectively. Predicted seedbank dynamics had more variability when managed with herbicides at ½ × than at 1 × rates applied alone. Mechanical treatments integrated with herbicide at ½ × rates resulted in giant foxtail seedbank and variability similar to herbicides at 1 × rates applied alone. ANR was maximized when herbicides were applied between ⅜ × and 9/16 × rates applied alone. As initial giant foxtail density increased from 100 to 10,000 seeds m−2, the herbicide rate that maximized ANR increased. Economic optimum thresholds (EOTs) did not vary when herbicides were applied at different rates, but integrating mechanical treatment with herbicides increased the EOT from 0.1 to 0.7 seedlings m−2. Sensitivity analysis determined that giant foxtail seedbank demographics, seedling survival, and seed production per plant had the most influence on model predictions. Model sensitivity varied little between 1 × and ½ × rates. Integrating herbicides and mechanical treatment decreased the sensitivity of the model to perturbations in parameter estimates. Herbicides at reduced rates were more profitable over the long term than 1 × rates, but risk of herbicide failure increased as rate decreased. Integration of herbicides applied at reduced rates with mechanical treatments increased ANR and minimized the risk of herbicide failure compared to herbicides applied at 1 × rates alone.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Full-rate herbicide alone reduced giant foxtail seedbank 95% within 4 years.
- Taxon
- corn–soybean
Glycine max
Zea mays subsp. mayst0 - Treatment
- Herbicides at full (1 ×)e0
- Interactor
- giant foxtaile0weed
- Outcome
- giant foxtail seedbanke0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 95%e0
- Qualifier
- within 4e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Herbicides at full (1 ×) and half (½ ×) rates applied alone reduced giant foxtail seedbank 95% within 4 and 8 yr, respectively”
t0“corn–soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Half-rate herbicide alone reduced giant foxtail seedbank 95% within 8 years.
- Taxon
- corn–soybeanGlycine maxZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- half (½ ×) ratese0
- Interactor
- giant foxtaile0weed
- Outcome
- giant foxtail seedbanke0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 95%e0
- Qualifier
- 8 yre0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Herbicides at full (1 ×) and half (½ ×) rates applied alone reduced giant foxtail seedbank 95% within 4 and 8 yr, respectively”
t0“corn–soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Half-rate herbicide produced more variable predicted giant foxtail seedbank dynamics than full rate.
- Taxon
- corn–soybeanGlycine maxZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- herbicides at ½ ×e0
- Interactor
- giant foxtaile1weed
- Outcome
- Predicted seedbank dynamicse0
- Direction
- moree0
- Comparator
- 1 × rates applied alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Predicted seedbank dynamics had more variability when managed with herbicides at ½ × than at 1 × rates applied alone”
e1“giant foxtail population dynamics”
t0“corn–soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Mechanical treatment with half-rate herbicide gave a giant foxtail seedbank similar to full-rate herbicide alone.
- Taxon
- corn–soybeanGlycine maxZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- Mechanical treatments integrated with herbicide at ½ × ratese0
- Interactor
- giant foxtaile0weed
- Outcome
- giant foxtail seedbanke0
- Direction
- similare0
- Comparator
- herbicides at 1 × rates applied alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mechanical treatments integrated with herbicide at ½ × rates resulted in giant foxtail seedbank and variability similar to herbicides at 1 × rates applied alone”
t0“corn–soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Mechanical treatment with half-rate herbicide gave similar seedbank variability to full-rate herbicide alone.
- Taxon
- corn–soybeanGlycine maxZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- Mechanical treatments integrated with herbicide at ½ × ratese0
- Interactor
- giant foxtaile0weed
- Outcome
- variabilitye0
- Direction
- similare0
- Comparator
- herbicides at 1 × rates applied alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mechanical treatments integrated with herbicide at ½ × rates resulted in giant foxtail seedbank and variability similar to herbicides at 1 × rates applied alone”
t0“corn–soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Annualized net return was maximized at herbicide rates between three-eighths and nine-sixteenths of full rate applied alone.
- Taxon
- corn–soybeanGlycine maxZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- herbicides were applied between ⅜ × and 9/16 × rates applied alonee0
- Outcome
- ANRe0
- Direction
- maximizede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ANR was maximized when herbicides were applied between ⅜ × and 9/16 × rates applied alone”
t0“corn–soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
The herbicide rate maximizing annualized net return increased with initial giant foxtail density from 100 to 10,000 seeds per square metre.
- Taxon
- corn–soybeanGlycine maxZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Interactor
- giant foxtaile0weed
- Outcome
- herbicide rate that maximized ANRe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- 100 to 10,000 seeds m−2e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“As initial giant foxtail density increased from 100 to 10,000 seeds m−2, the herbicide rate that maximized ANR increased”
t0“corn–soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Economic optimum thresholds did not vary across herbicide rates.
- Taxon
- corn–soybeanGlycine maxZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- herbicides were applied at different ratese0
- Outcome
- Economic optimum thresholds (EOTs)e0
- Direction
- did not varye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Economic optimum thresholds (EOTs) did not vary when herbicides were applied at different rates”
t0“corn–soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Adding mechanical treatment to herbicides increased economic optimum threshold from 0.1 to 0.7 giant foxtail seedlings per square metre.
- Taxon
- corn–soybeanGlycine maxZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- integrating mechanical treatment with herbicidese0
- Interactor
- giant foxtaile1weed
- Outcome
- giant foxtail economic optimum threshold (EOT)e1
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 0.7 seedlings m−2e0
- Qualifier
- from 0.1e0
- Comparator
- herbicidese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“integrating mechanical treatment with herbicides increased the EOT from 0.1 to 0.7 seedlings m−2”
e1“giant foxtail economic optimum threshold (EOT)”
t0“corn–soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Seedbank demographics, seedling survival and seed production per plant most influenced model predictions.
- Taxon
- corn–soybeanGlycine maxZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Interactor
- giant foxtaile0weed
- Outcome
- model predictionse0
- Direction
- most influencee0
- Comparator
- giant foxtail seedbank demographics, seedling survival, and seed production per plante0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sensitivity analysis determined that giant foxtail seedbank demographics, seedling survival, and seed production per plant had the most influence on model predictions”
t0“corn–soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Model sensitivity varied little between full and half herbicide rates.
- Taxon
- corn–soybeanGlycine maxZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Outcome
- Model sensitivitye0
- Direction
- varied littlee0
- Comparator
- 1 × and ½ × ratese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Model sensitivity varied little between 1 × and ½ × rates”
t0“corn–soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Combining herbicides and mechanical treatment lowered model sensitivity to parameter perturbations.
- Taxon
- corn–soybeanGlycine maxZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Outcome
- sensitivity of the model to perturbations in parameter estimatese0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- herbicides and mechanical treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Integrating herbicides and mechanical treatment decreased the sensitivity of the model to perturbations in parameter estimates”
t0“corn–soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Reduced-rate herbicides were more profitable long term than full-rate herbicides.
- Taxon
- corn–soybeanGlycine maxZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- Herbicides at reduced ratese0
- Outcome
- profitablee0
- Direction
- moree0
- Comparator
- 1 × ratese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Herbicides at reduced rates were more profitable over the long term than 1 × rates”
t0“corn–soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicide failure risk increased as herbicide rate decreased.
- Taxon
- corn–soybeanGlycine maxZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- herbicidee0
- Interactor
- giant foxtaile1weed
- Outcome
- risk of herbicide failuree0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“risk of herbicide failure increased as rate decreased”
e1“giant foxtail population dynamics”
t0“corn–soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Integrated reduced-rate herbicide and mechanical treatments increased annualized net return versus full-rate herbicide alone.
- Taxon
- corn–soybeanGlycine maxZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- Integration of herbicides applied at reduced rates with mechanical treatmentse0
- Outcome
- ANRe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- herbicides applied at 1 × rates alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Integration of herbicides applied at reduced rates with mechanical treatments increased ANR and minimized the risk of herbicide failure compared to herbicides applied at 1 × rates alone”
t0“corn–soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Integrated reduced-rate herbicide and mechanical treatments minimized herbicide failure risk versus full-rate herbicide alone.
- Taxon
- corn–soybeanGlycine maxZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- Integration of herbicides applied at reduced rates with mechanical treatmentse0
- Interactor
- giant foxtaile1weed
- Outcome
- risk of herbicide failuree0
- Direction
- minimizede0
- Comparator
- herbicides applied at 1 × rates alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Integration of herbicides applied at reduced rates with mechanical treatments increased ANR and minimized the risk of herbicide failure compared to herbicides applied at 1 × rates alone”
e1“giant foxtail population dynamics”
t0“corn–soybean”
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