Abstract
Light and the phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) regulate overlapping processes in plants, such as seed germination and seedling development. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the interaction between light and ABA signaling is largely unknown. Here, we show that FAR-RED ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL3 (FHY3) and FAR-RED IMPAIRED RESPONSE1 (FAR1), two key positive transcription factors in the phytochrome A pathway, directly bind to the promoter of ABA-Insensitive5 and activate its expression in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Disruption of FHY3 and/or FAR1 reduces the sensitivity to ABA-mediated inhibition of seed germination, seedling development, and primary root growth. The seed germination of the fhy3 mutant is also less sensitive to salt and osmotic stress than that of the wild type. Constitutive expression of ABA-Insensitive5 restores the seed germination response of fhy3. Furthermore, the expression of several ABA-responsive genes is decreased in the fhy3 and/or far1 mutants during seed imbibition. Consistently, FHY3 and FAR1 transcripts are up-regulated by ABA and abiotic stresses. Moreover, the fhy3 and far1 mutants have wider stomata, lose water faster, and are more sensitive to drought than the wild type. These findings demonstrate that FHY3 and FAR1 are positive regulators of ABA signaling and provide insight into the integration of light and ABA signaling, a process that may allow plants to better adapt to environmental stresses.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
FHY3 and FAR1 bind the ABA-Insensitive5 promoter and activate expression.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis
Arabidopsise0 - Gene
- FAR-RED ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL3 (FHY3) and FAR-RED IMPAIRED RESPONSE1 (FAR1)e0
- Outcome
- activate its expressione0
- Qualifier
- bind to the promoter of ABA-Insensitive5e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“FAR-RED ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL3 (FHY3) and FAR-RED IMPAIRED RESPONSE1 (FAR1), two key positive transcription factors in the phytochrome A pathway, directly bind to the promoter of ABA-Insensitive5 and activate its expression in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana)”
Claim · model-written summary
FHY3 or FAR1 disruption reduced ABA inhibition sensitivity of germination, seedling development and root growth.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- Disruption of FHY3 and/or FAR1e0
- Gene
- FHY3 and/or FAR1e0
- Outcome
- sensitivity to ABA-mediated inhibition of seed germination, seedling development, and primary root growthe0
- Direction
- reducese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Disruption of FHY3 and/or FAR1 reduces the sensitivity to ABA-mediated inhibition of seed germination, seedling development, and primary root growth”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
fhy3 germination was less sensitive to salt and osmotic stress than wild type.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Material
- fhy3 mutante0
- Treatment
- salt and osmotic stresse0
- Outcome
- seed germinatione0
- Direction
- less sensitivee0
- Comparator
- wild typee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The seed germination of the fhy3 mutant is also less sensitive to salt and osmotic stress than that of the wild type”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
Constitutive ABA-Insensitive5 expression restored fhy3 germination response.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Material
- fhy3e0
- Treatment
- Constitutive expression of ABA-Insensitive5e0
- Gene
- ABA-Insensitive5e0
- Outcome
- seed germination responsee0
- Direction
- restorese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Constitutive expression of ABA-Insensitive5 restores the seed germination response of fhy3”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
Several ABA-responsive genes had decreased expression in fhy3 and far1 mutants during imbibition.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Material
- fhy3 and/or far1 mutantse0
- Organ / stage
- seed imbibitione0
- Outcome
- expression of several ABA-responsive genese0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the expression of several ABA-responsive genes is decreased in the fhy3 and/or far1 mutants during seed imbibition”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA and abiotic stresses up-regulated FHY3 and FAR1 transcripts.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- ABA and abiotic stressese0
- Gene
- FHY3 and FAR1e0
- Outcome
- FHY3 and FAR1 transcriptse0
- Direction
- up-regulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“FHY3 and FAR1 transcripts are up-regulated by ABA and abiotic stresses”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
fhy3 and far1 mutants had wider stomata than wild type.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Material
- fhy3 and far1 mutantse0
- Outcome
- stomatae0
- Direction
- widere0
- Comparator
- wild typee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the fhy3 and far1 mutants have wider stomata, lose water faster, and are more sensitive to drought than the wild type”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
fhy3 and far1 mutants lost water faster than wild type.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Material
- fhy3 and far1 mutantse0
- Outcome
- lose watere0
- Direction
- fastere0
- Comparator
- wild typee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the fhy3 and far1 mutants have wider stomata, lose water faster, and are more sensitive to drought than the wild type”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
fhy3 and far1 mutants were more sensitive to drought than wild type.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Material
- fhy3 and far1 mutantse0
- Outcome
- sensitive to droughte0
- Direction
- moree0
- Comparator
- wild typee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the fhy3 and far1 mutants have wider stomata, lose water faster, and are more sensitive to drought than the wild type”
t0“Arabidopsis”
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