Abstract
Amino acid homeostasis was investigated in frost-resistant barley seedlings under either cold- or freezing-stress conditions. Total free amino acid content varied only slightly, but a substantial conversion of glutamate to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) was found that was proportional to the severity of the stress. Cold acclimation caused a significant increase in amino acid pools, and induced the expression of the GABA-shunt genes. As a consequence, GABA accumulated to a higher extent during the subsequent exposure to lower temperature. A different picture was obtained with a frost-sensitive genotype, in which glutamate decarboxylation occurred during the stress as well, but the activation of the GABA shunt seemed not to take place, and free glutamate was almost depleted. Analogous results were found in frost-resistant and frost-sensitive wheat cultivars. Feeding non-hardened plants with exogenous glutamate resulted in increased GABA accumulation under low temperature. The possibility that glutamate decarboxylation and GABA metabolism would play a role in frost tolerance is discussed.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Total free amino acid content varied only slightly in frost resistant barley seedlings.
- Taxon
- barley
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Hordeum vulgaree1 - Material
- frost-resistante1
- Outcome
- Total free amino acid contente0
- Direction
- varied only slightlye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Total free amino acid content varied only slightly, but a substantial conversion of glutamate to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) was found that was proportional to the severity of the stress.”
e1“Amino acid homeostasis was investigated in frost-resistant barley seedlings under either cold- or freezing-stress conditions.”
Claim · model-written summary
Conversion of glutamate to GABA rose with stress severity in frost resistant barley.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Treatment
- severity of the stresse0
- Outcome
- conversion of glutamate to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)e0
- Direction
- proportionale0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a substantial conversion of glutamate to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) was found that was proportional to the severity of the stress.”
e1“Amino acid homeostasis was investigated in frost-resistant barley seedlings under either cold- or freezing-stress conditions.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cold acclimation significantly increased amino acid pools.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Treatment
- Cold acclimatione0
- Outcome
- amino acid poolse0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cold acclimation caused a significant increase in amino acid pools, and induced the expression of the GABA-shunt genes.”
e1“Amino acid homeostasis was investigated in frost-resistant barley seedlings under either cold- or freezing-stress conditions.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cold acclimation induced GABA-shunt gene expression.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Treatment
- Cold acclimatione0
- Gene
- GABA-shunt genese0
- Outcome
- expression of the GABA-shunt genese0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cold acclimation caused a significant increase in amino acid pools, and induced the expression of the GABA-shunt genes.”
e1“Amino acid homeostasis was investigated in frost-resistant barley seedlings under either cold- or freezing-stress conditions.”
Claim · model-written summary
GABA accumulated more during later exposure to lower temperature.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Treatment
- subsequent exposure to lower temperaturee0
- Outcome
- GABA accumulatede0
- Direction
- highere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“As a consequence, GABA accumulated to a higher extent during the subsequent exposure to lower temperature.”
e1“Amino acid homeostasis was investigated in frost-resistant barley seedlings under either cold- or freezing-stress conditions.”
Claim · model-written summary
The frost sensitive genotype also underwent glutamate decarboxylation during stress.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Material
- frost-sensitive genotypee0
- Outcome
- glutamate decarboxylation occurred during the stress as welle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A different picture was obtained with a frost-sensitive genotype, in which glutamate decarboxylation occurred during the stress as well, but the activation of the GABA shunt seemed not to take place, and free glutamate was almost depleted.”
e1“Amino acid homeostasis was investigated in frost-resistant barley seedlings under either cold- or freezing-stress conditions.”
Claim · model-written summary
GABA shunt activation seemed absent in the frost sensitive genotype.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Material
- frost-sensitive genotypee0
- Outcome
- activation of the GABA shunt seemed not to take placee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A different picture was obtained with a frost-sensitive genotype, in which glutamate decarboxylation occurred during the stress as well, but the activation of the GABA shunt seemed not to take place, and free glutamate was almost depleted.”
e1“Amino acid homeostasis was investigated in frost-resistant barley seedlings under either cold- or freezing-stress conditions.”
Claim · model-written summary
Free glutamate was nearly depleted in the frost sensitive genotype.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Material
- frost-sensitive genotypee0
- Outcome
- free glutamatee0
- Direction
- almost depletede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A different picture was obtained with a frost-sensitive genotype, in which glutamate decarboxylation occurred during the stress as well, but the activation of the GABA shunt seemed not to take place, and free glutamate was almost depleted.”
e1“Amino acid homeostasis was investigated in frost-resistant barley seedlings under either cold- or freezing-stress conditions.”
Claim · model-written summary
Frost resistant and sensitive wheat cultivars showed analogous results.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Material
- frost-resistant and frost-sensitive wheat cultivarse0
- Outcome
- Analogous resultse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Analogous results were found in frost-resistant and frost-sensitive wheat cultivars.”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous glutamate feeding increased low temperature GABA accumulation in non hardened plants.
- Taxon
- barley and wheatHordeum vulgareTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Feeding non-hardened plants with exogenous glutamatee0
- Outcome
- GABA accumulatione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- under low temperaturee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Feeding non-hardened plants with exogenous glutamate resulted in increased GABA accumulation under low temperature.”
t0“barley and wheat”
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