Abstract
Heavy metal-sensitive `Express Orchid' petunias ( Petunia × hybrida Hort Vilm.-Andr. `Express Orchid') were grown in substrates of 2 green yard waste compost: 3 peat (v/v) with target Cu contents of 100 and 200 mg·kg -1 at varying pH. Iron supply was also varied. Copper contents of the substrate were determined by H 2 O, NH 4 NO 3 , NH 4 OAc, CaCl 2 , CaCl 2 -DTPA, and aqua regia extraction. Plant Cu concentration increased with increasing Cu supply and decreasing pH, indicating that Cu phytoavailability depended on substrate pH. Extraction of fresh substrates with CaCl 2 -DTPA provided a good prediction of plant Cu concentration and reflected well the influence of pH on Cu phytoavailability. The percentage of CaCl 2 -DTPA extractable Cu increased with decreasing pH. Extractions of Cu with NH 4 NO 3 , H 2 O, NH 4 OAc, and CaCl 2 resulted in very low extractable amounts and hence were not suitable. Plants showed Cu toxicity induced iron-like deficiency chlorosis, which was alleviated by additional Fe supply. This Fe supply did not seem to affect total Fe concentration of petunias, but reduced Cu concentration of the shoots. Since yield reduction was not observed, the occurrence of chlorosis during the culture period was chosen as the toxicity parameter, resulting in a Cu threshold toxicity level of 12.3 mg . kg -1 plant dry weight. From this, a threshold toxicity level for CaCl 2 -DTPA extractable Cu in compost-peat substrates of 3 mg . L -1 substrate was determined. Chemical name used: diethylenetriamine-pentaacetic acid (DTPA).
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Petunia copper concentration rose with increasing copper supply.
_flowers_in_Westgate_Gardens%2C_Canterbury.jpg?width=60){kind=small}
PetuniaNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_flowers_in_Westgate_Gardens%2C_Canterbury.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Plant Cu concentration increased with increasing Cu supply and decreasing pH”
e1“petunias ( Petunia × hybrida”
Claim · model-written summary
Petunia copper concentration rose as pH fell.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plant Cu concentration increased with increasing Cu supply and decreasing pH”
e1“petunias ( Petunia × hybrida”
Claim · model-written summary
CaCl 2 -DTPA extraction of fresh substrates predicted plant copper concentration.
Not reportedComparatorValue
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Extraction of fresh substrates with CaCl 2 -DTPA provided a good prediction of plant Cu concentration and reflected well the influence of pH on Cu phytoavailability.”
e1“petunias ( Petunia × hybrida”
Claim · model-written summary
CaCl 2 -DTPA extraction reflected pH effects on copper phytoavailability.
- Outcome
- influence of pH on Cu phytoavailabilitye0
Not reportedComparatorValue
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Extraction of fresh substrates with CaCl 2 -DTPA provided a good prediction of plant Cu concentration and reflected well the influence of pH on Cu phytoavailability.”
e1“petunias ( Petunia × hybrida”
Claim · model-written summary
The CaCl 2 -DTPA extractable copper percentage increased as pH decreased.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The percentage of CaCl 2 -DTPA extractable Cu increased with decreasing pH.”
e1“petunias ( Petunia × hybrida”
Claim · model-written summary
NH 4 NO 3 extraction yielded very low extractable copper and was unsuitable.
Not reportedComparatorValue
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Extractions of Cu with NH 4 NO 3 , H 2 O, NH 4 OAc, and CaCl 2 resulted in very low extractable amounts and hence were not suitable.”
e1“petunias ( Petunia × hybrida”
Claim · model-written summary
H 2 O extraction yielded very low extractable copper and was unsuitable.
- Outcome
- very low extractable amountse0
Not reportedComparatorValue
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Extractions of Cu with NH 4 NO 3 , H 2 O, NH 4 OAc, and CaCl 2 resulted in very low extractable amounts and hence were not suitable.”
e1“petunias ( Petunia × hybrida”
Claim · model-written summary
NH 4 OAc extraction yielded very low extractable copper and was unsuitable.
- Outcome
- very low extractable amountse0
Not reportedComparatorValue
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Extractions of Cu with NH 4 NO 3 , H 2 O, NH 4 OAc, and CaCl 2 resulted in very low extractable amounts and hence were not suitable.”
e1“petunias ( Petunia × hybrida”
Claim · model-written summary
CaCl 2 extraction yielded very low extractable copper and was unsuitable.
- Outcome
- very low extractable amountse0
Not reportedComparatorValue
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Extractions of Cu with NH 4 NO 3 , H 2 O, NH 4 OAc, and CaCl 2 resulted in very low extractable amounts and hence were not suitable.”
e1“petunias ( Petunia × hybrida”
Claim · model-written summary
Copper toxicity produced iron deficiency-like chlorosis in petunias.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plants showed Cu toxicity induced iron-like deficiency chlorosis”
e1“petunias ( Petunia × hybrida”
Claim · model-written summary
Additional iron supply alleviated chlorosis.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“which was alleviated by additional Fe supply.”
e1“Plants showed Cu toxicity induced iron-like deficiency chlorosis”
e2“petunias ( Petunia × hybrida”
Claim · model-written summary
Additional iron appeared not to affect total iron concentration.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This Fe supply did not seem to affect total Fe concentration of petunias”
Claim · model-written summary
Iron supply reduced shoot copper concentration.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“but reduced Cu concentration of the shoots.”
e2“which was alleviated by additional Fe supply.”
e1“petunias ( Petunia × hybrida”
Claim · model-written summary
No yield reduction was observed under these copper conditions.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Since yield reduction was not observed”
e1“petunias ( Petunia × hybrida”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorosis during cultivation was chosen as the copper toxicity parameter.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the occurrence of chlorosis during the culture period was chosen as the toxicity parameter, resulting in a Cu threshold toxicity level of 12.3 mg . kg -1 plant dry weight.”
e1“petunias ( Petunia × hybrida”
Claim · model-written summary
The plant dry weight copper toxicity threshold was 12.3 mg per kg.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a Cu threshold toxicity level of 12.3 mg . kg -1 plant dry weight”
e1“petunias ( Petunia × hybrida”
Claim · model-written summary
The substrate CaCl 2 -DTPA extractable copper toxicity threshold was 3 mg per liter.
- Outcome
- threshold toxicity level for CaCl 2 -DTPA extractable Cu in compost-peat substratese0
- Value
- 3 mg . L -1 substratee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a threshold toxicity level for CaCl 2 -DTPA extractable Cu in compost-peat substrates of 3 mg . L -1 substrate was determined.”
e1“petunias ( Petunia × hybrida”
The same questions in other papers
copper atom · nutrient: content · Petunia (petunia)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- no effect
iron atom · nutrient: content · Petunia (petunia)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
iron atom · physiology: pigments · Petunia (petunia)Results agree
4 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.