Abstract
AIMS: This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of four phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) on the growth and yield of rice under different soil conditions. METHODS: Bacterial strains were Rahnella aquatillis (KM977991), Enterobacter sp. (KM977992), Pseudomonas fluorescens and Pseudomonas putida. These studies were conducted on different rice cultivars ('Shiroodi', 'Tarom' and 'Tarom Hashemi') in both pot and field experiments. Measurements started from transplanting and continued throughout the growing season in field experiments. RESULTS: Single PSB inoculations in field trials increased grain yield, biological yield, total number of stems hill(-1) , number of panicles hill(-1) and plant height by 8·50-26·9%, 12·4-30·9%, 20·3-38·7%, 22·1-36·1% and 0·85-3·35% in experiment 1, by 7·74-14·7%, 4·22-12·6%, 6·67-16·7%, 4·0-15·4% and 3·15-4·20% in experiment 2 and by 23·4-37%, 16·1-36·4%, 30·2-39·1%, 28·8-34% and 2·11-4·55% in experiment 3, respectively, compared to the control. Our results indicate that the application of triple super phosphate together with PSB inoculations resulted in reducing the use of chemical fertilizers (about 67%) and increasing fertilizer use efficiency. CONCLUSIONS: This study clearly indicates that these PSBs can be used as biofertilizers in ecological rice agricultural systems. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: To the best of our knowledge, this is first report on the association of Rahnella aquatilis with rice and also the application of a mathematical model to evaluate the effect of PSBs on rice growth.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
Single PSB inoculations increased grain yield in experiment 1 by 8·50-26·9% versus control.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- Single PSB inoculationse0
- Interactor
- PSBe0symbiont
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 8·50-26·9%e0
- Qualifier
- experiment 1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Single PSB inoculations in field trials increased grain yield, biological yield, total number of stems hill(-1) , number of panicles hill(-1) and plant height by 8·50-26·9%, 12·4-30·9%, 20·3-38·7%, 22·1-36·1% and 0·85-3·35% in experiment 1”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Single PSB inoculations increased biological yield in experiment 1 by 12·4-30·9%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Single PSB inoculationse0
- Interactor
- PSBe0symbiont
- Outcome
- biological yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 12·4-30·9%e0
- Qualifier
- experiment 1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Single PSB inoculations in field trials increased grain yield, biological yield, total number of stems hill(-1) , number of panicles hill(-1) and plant height by 8·50-26·9%, 12·4-30·9%, 20·3-38·7%, 22·1-36·1% and 0·85-3·35% in experiment 1”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Single PSB inoculations increased stems per hill in experiment 1 by 20·3-38·7%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Single PSB inoculationse0
- Interactor
- PSBe0symbiont
- Outcome
- total number of stems hill(-1)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 20·3-38·7%e0
- Qualifier
- experiment 1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Single PSB inoculations in field trials increased grain yield, biological yield, total number of stems hill(-1) , number of panicles hill(-1) and plant height by 8·50-26·9%, 12·4-30·9%, 20·3-38·7%, 22·1-36·1% and 0·85-3·35% in experiment 1”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Single PSB inoculations increased panicles per hill in experiment 1 by 22·1-36·1%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Single PSB inoculationse0
- Interactor
- PSBe0symbiont
- Outcome
- number of panicles hill(-1)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 22·1-36·1%e0
- Qualifier
- experiment 1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Single PSB inoculations in field trials increased grain yield, biological yield, total number of stems hill(-1) , number of panicles hill(-1) and plant height by 8·50-26·9%, 12·4-30·9%, 20·3-38·7%, 22·1-36·1% and 0·85-3·35% in experiment 1”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Single PSB inoculations increased plant height in experiment 1 by 0·85-3·35%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Single PSB inoculationse0
- Interactor
- PSBe0symbiont
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 0·85-3·35%e0
- Qualifier
- experiment 1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Single PSB inoculations in field trials increased grain yield, biological yield, total number of stems hill(-1) , number of panicles hill(-1) and plant height by 8·50-26·9%, 12·4-30·9%, 20·3-38·7%, 22·1-36·1% and 0·85-3·35% in experiment 1”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Single PSB inoculations increased grain yield in experiment 2 by 7·74-14·7%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- phosphate-solubilizing bacteriat0
- Outcome
- grain yieldt0
- Value
- 7·74-14·7%e0
- Qualifier
- experiment 2e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“by 7·74-14·7%, 4·22-12·6%, 6·67-16·7%, 4·0-15·4% and 3·15-4·20% in experiment 2”
t0“phosphate-solubilizing bacteria on the growth and grain yield of rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Single PSB inoculations increased biological yield in experiment 2 by 4·22-12·6%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- phosphate-solubilizing bacteriat0
- Outcome
- growtht0
- Value
- 4·22-12·6%e0
- Qualifier
- experiment 2e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“by 7·74-14·7%, 4·22-12·6%, 6·67-16·7%, 4·0-15·4% and 3·15-4·20% in experiment 2”
t0“phosphate-solubilizing bacteria on the growth and grain yield of rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Single PSB inoculations increased stems per hill in experiment 2 by 6·67-16·7%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- phosphate-solubilizing bacteriat0
- Outcome
- growtht0
- Value
- 6·67-16·7%e0
- Qualifier
- experiment 2e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“by 7·74-14·7%, 4·22-12·6%, 6·67-16·7%, 4·0-15·4% and 3·15-4·20% in experiment 2”
t0“phosphate-solubilizing bacteria on the growth and grain yield of rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Single PSB inoculations increased panicles per hill in experiment 2 by 4·0-15·4%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- phosphate-solubilizing bacteriat0
- Outcome
- growtht0
- Value
- 4·0-15·4%e0
- Qualifier
- experiment 2e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“by 7·74-14·7%, 4·22-12·6%, 6·67-16·7%, 4·0-15·4% and 3·15-4·20% in experiment 2”
t0“phosphate-solubilizing bacteria on the growth and grain yield of rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Single PSB inoculations increased plant height in experiment 2 by 3·15-4·20%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- phosphate-solubilizing bacteriat0
- Outcome
- growtht0
- Value
- 3·15-4·20%e0
- Qualifier
- experiment 2e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“by 7·74-14·7%, 4·22-12·6%, 6·67-16·7%, 4·0-15·4% and 3·15-4·20% in experiment 2”
t0“phosphate-solubilizing bacteria on the growth and grain yield of rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Single PSB inoculations increased grain yield in experiment 3 by 23·4-37%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- phosphate-solubilizing bacteriat0
- Outcome
- grain yieldt0
- Value
- 23·4-37%e0
- Qualifier
- experiment 3e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“by 23·4-37%, 16·1-36·4%, 30·2-39·1%, 28·8-34% and 2·11-4·55% in experiment 3”
t0“phosphate-solubilizing bacteria on the growth and grain yield of rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Single PSB inoculations increased biological yield in experiment 3 by 16·1-36·4%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- phosphate-solubilizing bacteriat0
- Outcome
- growtht0
- Value
- 16·1-36·4%e0
- Qualifier
- experiment 3e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“by 23·4-37%, 16·1-36·4%, 30·2-39·1%, 28·8-34% and 2·11-4·55% in experiment 3”
t0“phosphate-solubilizing bacteria on the growth and grain yield of rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Single PSB inoculations increased stems per hill in experiment 3 by 30·2-39·1%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- phosphate-solubilizing bacteriat0
- Outcome
- growtht0
- Value
- 30·2-39·1%e0
- Qualifier
- experiment 3e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“by 23·4-37%, 16·1-36·4%, 30·2-39·1%, 28·8-34% and 2·11-4·55% in experiment 3”
t0“phosphate-solubilizing bacteria on the growth and grain yield of rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Single PSB inoculations increased panicles per hill in experiment 3 by 28·8-34%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- phosphate-solubilizing bacteriat0
- Outcome
- growtht0
- Value
- 28·8-34%e0
- Qualifier
- experiment 3e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“by 23·4-37%, 16·1-36·4%, 30·2-39·1%, 28·8-34% and 2·11-4·55% in experiment 3”
t0“phosphate-solubilizing bacteria on the growth and grain yield of rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Single PSB inoculations increased plant height in experiment 3 by 2·11-4·55%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- phosphate-solubilizing bacteriat0
- Outcome
- growtht0
- Value
- 2·11-4·55%e0
- Qualifier
- experiment 3e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“by 23·4-37%, 16·1-36·4%, 30·2-39·1%, 28·8-34% and 2·11-4·55% in experiment 3”
t0“phosphate-solubilizing bacteria on the growth and grain yield of rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Triple super phosphate with PSB reduced chemical fertilizer use by about 67%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- triple super phosphate together with PSB inoculationse0
- Interactor
- PSBe0symbiont
- Outcome
- use of chemical fertilizerse0
- Direction
- reducinge0
- Value
- about 67%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of triple super phosphate together with PSB inoculations resulted in reducing the use of chemical fertilizers (about 67%)”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Triple super phosphate with PSB increased fertilizer use efficiency.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- triple super phosphate together with PSB inoculationse0
- Interactor
- PSBe0symbiont
- Outcome
- fertilizer use efficiencye0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of triple super phosphate together with PSB inoculations resulted in reducing the use of chemical fertilizers (about 67%) and increasing fertilizer use efficiency”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude these PSBs can serve as biofertilizers in rice systems.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Interactor
- PSBse0symbiont
- Outcome
- used as biofertilizerse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“these PSBs can be used as biofertilizers in ecological rice agricultural systems”
Claim · model-written summary
Rahnella aquatilis was associated with rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Interactor
- Rahnella aquatilis
Rahnella aquatilise0symbiont - Outcome
- association of Rahnella aquatilis with ricee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“first report on the association of Rahnella aquatilis with rice”
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