Abstract
Facultative parthenocarpy induced by the recessive mutation pat-2 in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) depends on gibberellins (GAs) and is associated with changes in GA content in unpollinated ovaries. Polyamines (PAs) have also been proposed to play a role in early tomato fruit development. We therefore investigated whether PAs are able to induce parthenocarpy and whether the pat-2 mutation alters the content and metabolism of PAs in unpollinated ovaries. Application of putrescine, spermidine, and spermine to wild-type unpollinated tomato ovaries (cv Madrigal [MA/wt]) induced partial parthenocarpy. Parthenocarpic growth of MA/pat-2 (a parthenocarpic near-isogenic line to MA/wt) ovaries was negated by paclobutrazol (GA biosynthesis inhibitor), and this inhibition was counteracted by spermidine. Application of alpha-difluoromethyl-ornithine (-Orn) and/or alpha-difluoromethyl-arginine (-Arg), irreversible inhibitors of the putrescine biosynthesis enzymes Orn decarboxylase (ODC) and Arg decarboxylase, respectively, prevented growth of unpollinated MA/pat-2 ovaries. Alpha-difluoromethyl-Arg inhibition was counteracted by putrescine and GA(3), whereas that of alpha-difluoromethyl-Orn was counteracted by GA(3) but not by putrescine or spermidine. In unpollinated MA/pat-2 ovaries, the content of free spermine was significantly higher than in MA/wt ovaries. ODC activity was higher in pat-2 ovaries than in MA/wt. Transcript levels of genes encoding ODC and spermidine synthase were also higher in MA/pat-2. All together, these results strongly suggest that the parthenocarpic ability of pat-2 mutants depends on elevated PAs levels in unpollinated mutant ovaries, which correlate with an activation of the ODC pathway, probably as a consequence of elevated GA content in unpollinated pat-2 tomato ovaries.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Applied putrescine induced partial parthenocarpy in wild-type unpollinated tomato ovaries.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume0 - Organ / stage
- unpollinated tomato ovariese0
- Treatment
- putrescinee0
- Outcome
- partial parthenocarpye0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of putrescine, spermidine, and spermine to wild-type unpollinated tomato ovaries (cv Madrigal [MA/wt]) induced partial parthenocarpy.”
Claim · model-written summary
Applied spermidine induced partial parthenocarpy in wild-type unpollinated tomato ovaries.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- spermidinee0
- Outcome
- partial parthenocarpye0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of putrescine, spermidine, and spermine to wild-type unpollinated tomato ovaries (cv Madrigal [MA/wt]) induced partial parthenocarpy.”
Claim · model-written summary
Applied spermine induced partial parthenocarpy in wild-type unpollinated tomato ovaries.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- sperminee0
- Outcome
- partial parthenocarpye0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of putrescine, spermidine, and spermine to wild-type unpollinated tomato ovaries (cv Madrigal [MA/wt]) induced partial parthenocarpy.”
Claim · model-written summary
Paclobutrazol negated parthenocarpic growth of MA/pat-2 ovaries.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- MA/pat-2e0
- Treatment
- paclobutrazole0
- Outcome
- Parthenocarpic growthe0
- Direction
- negatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Parthenocarpic growth of MA/pat-2 (a parthenocarpic near-isogenic line to MA/wt) ovaries was negated by paclobutrazol (GA biosynthesis inhibitor), and this inhibition was counteracted by spermidine.”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermidine counteracted paclobutrazol inhibition of MA/pat-2 ovary growth.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- MA/pat-2e0
- Treatment
- spermidinee0
- Outcome
- inhibitione0
- Direction
- counteractede0
- Comparator
- paclobutrazole0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Parthenocarpic growth of MA/pat-2 (a parthenocarpic near-isogenic line to MA/wt) ovaries was negated by paclobutrazol (GA biosynthesis inhibitor), and this inhibition was counteracted by spermidine.”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Ornithine pathway inhibition prevented MA/pat-2 ovary growth.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- alpha-difluoromethyl-ornithinee0
- Outcome
- growth of unpollinated MA/pat-2 ovariese0
- Direction
- preventede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of alpha-difluoromethyl-ornithine (-Orn) and/or alpha-difluoromethyl-arginine (-Arg), irreversible inhibitors of the putrescine biosynthesis enzymes Orn decarboxylase (ODC) and Arg decarboxylase, respectively, prevented growth of unpollinated MA/pat-2 ovaries.”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Arginine pathway inhibition prevented MA/pat-2 ovary growth.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- alpha-difluoromethyl-argininee0
- Outcome
- growth of unpollinated MA/pat-2 ovariese0
- Direction
- preventede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of alpha-difluoromethyl-ornithine (-Orn) and/or alpha-difluoromethyl-arginine (-Arg), irreversible inhibitors of the putrescine biosynthesis enzymes Orn decarboxylase (ODC) and Arg decarboxylase, respectively, prevented growth of unpollinated MA/pat-2 ovaries.”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Putrescine counteracted alpha-difluoromethyl-Arg inhibition.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- putrescinee0
- Outcome
- inhibitione0
- Direction
- counteractede0
- Comparator
- Alpha-difluoromethyl-Arge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Alpha-difluoromethyl-Arg inhibition was counteracted by putrescine and GA(3)”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
GA(3) counteracted alpha-difluoromethyl-Arg inhibition.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- GA(3)e0
- Outcome
- inhibitione0
- Direction
- counteractede0
- Comparator
- Alpha-difluoromethyl-Arge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Alpha-difluoromethyl-Arg inhibition was counteracted by putrescine and GA(3)”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
GA(3) counteracted alpha-difluoromethyl-Orn inhibition.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- GA(3)e0
- Outcome
- that of alpha-difluoromethyl-Orne0
- Direction
- counteractede0
- Comparator
- alpha-difluoromethyl-Orne0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“that of alpha-difluoromethyl-Orn was counteracted by GA(3) but not by putrescine or spermidine”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Putrescine did not counteract alpha-difluoromethyl-Orn inhibition.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- putrescinee0
- Outcome
- that of alpha-difluoromethyl-Orne0
- Direction
- not bye0
- Comparator
- alpha-difluoromethyl-Orne0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“that of alpha-difluoromethyl-Orn was counteracted by GA(3) but not by putrescine or spermidine”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermidine did not counteract alpha-difluoromethyl-Orn inhibition.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- spermidinee0
- Outcome
- that of alpha-difluoromethyl-Orne0
- Direction
- not bye0
- Comparator
- alpha-difluoromethyl-Orne0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“that of alpha-difluoromethyl-Orn was counteracted by GA(3) but not by putrescine or spermidine”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Free spermine was significantly higher in MA/pat-2 ovaries than MA/wt ovaries.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- MA/pat-2e0
- Outcome
- content of free sperminee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- MA/wte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In unpollinated MA/pat-2 ovaries, the content of free spermine was significantly higher than in MA/wt ovaries.”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
ODC activity was higher in pat-2 ovaries than MA/wt.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- pat-2e0
- Gene
- ODCe0
- Outcome
- ODC activitye0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- MA/wte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ODC activity was higher in pat-2 ovaries than in MA/wt.”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
ODC transcript levels were higher in MA/pat-2 ovaries.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- MA/pat-2e0
- Gene
- ODCe0
- Outcome
- Transcript levelse0
- Direction
- highere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Transcript levels of genes encoding ODC and spermidine synthase were also higher in MA/pat-2.”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermidine synthase transcript levels were higher in MA/pat-2 ovaries.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- MA/pat-2e0
- Gene
- spermidine synthasee0
- Outcome
- Transcript levelse0
- Direction
- highere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Transcript levels of genes encoding ODC and spermidine synthase were also higher in MA/pat-2.”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors infer that pat-2 parthenocarpy depends on elevated polyamines associated with ODC pathway activation.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- pat-2e0
- Compound
- PAse0
- Outcome
- parthenocarpic abilitye0
- Qualifier
- activation of the ODC pathwaye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“parthenocarpic ability of pat-2 mutants depends on elevated PAs levels in unpollinated mutant ovaries, which correlate with an activation of the ODC pathway”
t0“Tomato”
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See all 8 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.