Abstract
Polyamines are small, ubiquitous, nitrogenous compounds that scavenge reactive oxygen species and stabilize the structure and function of the photosynthetic apparatus in response to abiotic stresses. Molecular details underlying polyamine-mediated photoprotective mechanisms are not completely resolved. This study investigated the role of spermidine (Spd) in the structure and function of the photosynthetic apparatus. Tomato seedlings were subjected to salinity-alkalinity stress with and without foliar application of Spd, and photosynthetic and morphological parameters were analyzed. Leaf dry weight and net photosynthetic rate were reduced by salinity-alkalinity stress. Salinity-alkalinity stress reduced photochemical quenching parameters, including maximum photochemistry efficiency of photosystem II, quantum yield of linear electron flux, and coefficient of photochemical quenching (qP). Salinity-alkalinity stress elevated nonphotochemical quenching parameters, including the de-epoxidation state of the xanthophyll cycle and nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ). Microscopic analysis revealed that salinity-alkalinity stress disrupted the internal lamellar system of granal and stromal thylakoids. Exogenous Spd alleviated the stress-induced reduction of leaf dry weight, net photosynthetic rate, and qP parameters. The NPQ parameters increased by salinity-alkalinity stress were also alleviated by Spd. Seedlings treated with exogenous Spd had higher zeaxanthin (Z) contents than those without Spd under salinity-alkalinity stress. The chloroplast ultrastructure had a more ordered arrangement in seedlings treated with exogenous Spd than in those without Spd under salinity-alkalinity stress. These results indicate that exogenous Spd can alleviate the growth inhibition and thylakoid membrane photodamage caused by salinity-alkalinity stress. The Spd-induced accumulation of Z also may have an important role in stabilizing the photosynthetic apparatus.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity-alkalinity stress reduced leaf dry weight and net photosynthetic rate in tomato seedlings.
- Taxon
- Tomato
Solanum lycopersicume2 - Treatment
- salinity-alkalinity stresse1
- Outcome
- Leaf dry weight and net photosynthetic ratee1
- Direction
- reducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Leaf dry weight and net photosynthetic rate were reduced by salinity-alkalinity stress”
e2“Tomato seedlings were subjected to salinity-alkalinity stress with and without foliar application of Spd”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous Spd alleviated the stress-induced reduction of leaf dry weight, net photosynthetic rate and qP in tomato seedlings.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicume2
- Treatment
- Exogenous Spde1
- Outcome
- the stress-induced reduction of leaf dry weight, net photosynthetic rate, and qP parameterse1
- Direction
- alleviatede1
- Comparator
- without foliar application of Spde2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Exogenous Spd alleviated the stress-induced reduction of leaf dry weight, net photosynthetic rate, and qP parameters”
e2“Tomato seedlings were subjected to salinity-alkalinity stress with and without foliar application of Spd”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity-alkalinity stress elevated nonphotochemical quenching parameters in tomato seedlings.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicume2
- Treatment
- Salinity-alkalinity stresse1
- Outcome
- nonphotochemical quenching parameterse1
- Direction
- elevatede1
- Qualifier
- including the de-epoxidation state of the xanthophyll cycle and nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ)e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Salinity-alkalinity stress elevated nonphotochemical quenching parameters, including the de-epoxidation state of the xanthophyll cycle and nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ)”
e2“Tomato seedlings were subjected to salinity-alkalinity stress with and without foliar application of Spd”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity-alkalinity stress reduced photochemical quenching parameters in tomato seedlings.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicume2
- Treatment
- Salinity-alkalinity stresse1
- Outcome
- photochemical quenching parameterse1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Qualifier
- including maximum photochemistry efficiency of photosystem II, quantum yield of linear electron flux, and coefficient of photochemical quenching (qP)e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Salinity-alkalinity stress reduced photochemical quenching parameters, including maximum photochemistry efficiency of photosystem II, quantum yield of linear electron flux, and coefficient of photochemical quenching (qP)”
e2“Tomato seedlings were subjected to salinity-alkalinity stress with and without foliar application of Spd”
Claim · model-written summary
Spd alleviated the stress-induced increase in NPQ parameters in tomato seedlings.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicume2
- Treatment
- Spde1
- Outcome
- NPQ parameterse1
- Direction
- alleviatede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The NPQ parameters increased by salinity-alkalinity stress were also alleviated by Spd”
e2“Tomato seedlings were subjected to salinity-alkalinity stress with and without foliar application of Spd”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous Spd increased zeaxanthin contents in tomato seedlings under salinity-alkalinity stress compared with those without Spd.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicume2
- Treatment
- exogenous Spde1
- Outcome
- zeaxanthin (Z) contentse1
- Direction
- highere1
- Comparator
- those without Spde1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Seedlings treated with exogenous Spd had higher zeaxanthin (Z) contents than those without Spd under salinity-alkalinity stress”
e2“Tomato seedlings were subjected to salinity-alkalinity stress with and without foliar application of Spd”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity-alkalinity stress disrupted the internal lamellar system of granal and stromal thylakoids in tomato seedlings.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicume2
- Organ / stage
- granal and stromal thylakoidse1
- Treatment
- salinity-alkalinity stresse1
- Outcome
- internal lamellar systeme1
- Direction
- disruptede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Microscopic analysis revealed that salinity-alkalinity stress disrupted the internal lamellar system of granal and stromal thylakoids”
e2“Tomato seedlings were subjected to salinity-alkalinity stress with and without foliar application of Spd”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous Spd gave a more ordered chloroplast ultrastructure than no Spd under salinity-alkalinity stress.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicume2
- Treatment
- exogenous Spde1
- Outcome
- chloroplast ultrastructuree1
- Direction
- more ordered arrangemente1
- Comparator
- those without Spde1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The chloroplast ultrastructure had a more ordered arrangement in seedlings treated with exogenous Spd than in those without Spd under salinity-alkalinity stress”
e2“Tomato seedlings were subjected to salinity-alkalinity stress with and without foliar application of Spd”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous Spd is interpreted to alleviate growth inhibition and thylakoid membrane photodamage caused by salinity-alkalinity stress.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicume2
- Treatment
- exogenous Spde1
- Outcome
- growth inhibition and thylakoid membrane photodamagee1
- Direction
- alleviatee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“These results indicate that exogenous Spd can alleviate the growth inhibition and thylakoid membrane photodamage caused by salinity-alkalinity stress”
e2“Tomato seedlings were subjected to salinity-alkalinity stress with and without foliar application of Spd”
Claim · model-written summary
The Spd-induced accumulation of Z may stabilize the photosynthetic apparatus under salinity-alkalinity stress in tomato.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicume2
- Compound
- Ze1
- Outcome
- stabilizing the photosynthetic apparatuse1
- Qualifier
- may have an important rolee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The Spd-induced accumulation of Z also may have an important role in stabilizing the photosynthetic apparatus”
e2“Tomato seedlings were subjected to salinity-alkalinity stress with and without foliar application of Spd”
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