Abstract
SUMMARY The effect of cowpea green manure (CGM) and farmyard manure (FYM) on phenological events in maize grown with different rates of nitrogen (N) was evaluated at Ludhiana, India in 1988–89 as part of a long-term experiment on sandy loam. Tasselling (T), anthesis (A), silking (S), maturity (M) and appearance of leaves were recorded in 1988 and 1989 from plots of maize manured with cowpea and FYM and grown at 0, 75 and 125 kg N/ha. Time to phenological events was calculated in terms of calendar days and growing degree units (GDU). Phenological events in maize were significantly advanced by CGM, FYM and N. The occurrence of T, A and S with CGM was earlier by 60·5, 84·5 and 114·5 GDU, respectively, than without it and the end of each of the growth stages T, A and S was advanced by 81·0, 99·0 and 78·5 GDU, respectively. Maturity was earlier than in the control by 65·0 GDU. Leaf emergence occurred earlier after organic manuring. Farmyard manure advanced development less than CGM. Changes in phenological events due to N followed the same pattern of changes as those found with organic manures. Time from sowing to onset of T, A, S and M, and the interval between T, A, S and M were significantly correlated with yield and yield-related characters. Desirable changes in the timing of phenological events are thus one of the factors contributing to the improvement in productivity caused by organic manures. Calendar day was found to be as accurate an index as GDU for evaluation of the effect of cultural practices on phenological events.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Cowpea green manure significantly advanced maize phenological events.
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize (Zea mays)”
e0“Phenological events in maize were significantly advanced by CGM, FYM and N”
Claim · model-written summary
Farmyard manure significantly advanced maize phenological events.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize (Zea mays)”
e0“Phenological events in maize were significantly advanced by CGM, FYM and N”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen significantly advanced maize phenological events.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize (Zea mays)”
e0“Phenological events in maize were significantly advanced by CGM, FYM and N”
Claim · model-written summary
With cowpea green manure, tasselling occurred 60·5 GDU earlier than without it.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize (Zea mays)”
e0“The occurrence of T, A and S with CGM was earlier by 60·5, 84·5 and 114·5 GDU, respectively, than without it”
Claim · model-written summary
With cowpea green manure, anthesis occurred 84·5 GDU earlier than without it.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize (Zea mays)”
e0“The occurrence of T, A and S with CGM was earlier by 60·5, 84·5 and 114·5 GDU, respectively, than without it”
Claim · model-written summary
With cowpea green manure, silking occurred 114·5 GDU earlier than without it.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize (Zea mays)”
e0“The occurrence of T, A and S with CGM was earlier by 60·5, 84·5 and 114·5 GDU, respectively, than without it”
Claim · model-written summary
Cowpea green manure advanced the end of tasselling by 81·0 GDU.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize (Zea mays)”
e0“the end of each of the growth stages T, A and S was advanced by 81·0, 99·0 and 78·5 GDU, respectively”
e1“Phenological events in maize were significantly advanced by CGM, FYM and N”
Claim · model-written summary
Cowpea green manure advanced the end of anthesis by 99·0 GDU.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize (Zea mays)”
e0“the end of each of the growth stages T, A and S was advanced by 81·0, 99·0 and 78·5 GDU, respectively”
e1“Phenological events in maize were significantly advanced by CGM, FYM and N”
Claim · model-written summary
Cowpea green manure advanced the end of silking by 78·5 GDU.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize (Zea mays)”
e0“the end of each of the growth stages T, A and S was advanced by 81·0, 99·0 and 78·5 GDU, respectively”
e1“Phenological events in maize were significantly advanced by CGM, FYM and N”
Claim · model-written summary
Maturity occurred 65·0 GDU earlier than the control.
- Treatment
- cowpea green manuret1
- Outcome
- Maturitye0
- Direction
- earliere0
- Value
- 65·0 GDUe0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize (Zea mays)”
t1“cowpea green manure”
e0“Maturity was earlier than in the control by 65·0 GDU”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf emergence occurred earlier after organic manuring.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize (Zea mays)”
e0“Leaf emergence occurred earlier after organic manuring”
Claim · model-written summary
Farmyard manure advanced development less than cowpea green manure.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize (Zea mays)”
e0“Farmyard manure advanced development less than CGM”
Claim · model-written summary
Timing of maize phenological events was significantly correlated with yield and yield-related characters.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize (Zea mays)”
e0“Time from sowing to onset of T, A, S and M, and the interval between T, A, S and M were significantly correlated with yield and yield-related characters”
Claim · model-written summary
Calendar days were as accurate as GDU for evaluating effects of cultural practices on phenological events.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“maize (Zea mays)”
e0“Calendar day was found to be as accurate an index as GDU for evaluation of the effect of cultural practices on phenological events”
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