Abstract
Cultivars of Lolium perenne L. when removed from their area of adaptation, especially in the latitudinal sense, are usually less persistent than adapted varieties and disappear after a few years. This phenomenon is particularly remarkable for North European varieties when cultivated in Mediterranean regions which are characterized by a period of drought stress (from the 2nd week of June to 2nd week of August). Two varieties of Lolium perenne L., Vejo (adapted to Central Italy) and Lenta (North European cultivar), were sown in September 1979 and compared to evaluate the effects of water stress on persistence from June 1980 to January 1982 at Perugia, central Italy. Measurements recorded included ground cover, plant survival, dry matter yield (DMY), number of tillers per plant, and water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) content. Trials were performed, according to a split-plot design with three replicates, in dense stands (seeding rate of 2000 viable seeds/m 2 ) and in spaced plants (40 × 60 cm apart) which were either irrigated or nonirrigated. The results show that Vejo, starting from the 2nd year from sowing, had higher values than Lenta for ground cover, plant survival and number of tillers per plant. The same behavior was observed for DMY with the exception of the August 1981 sampling in which the situation was reversed because of the summer dormancy of the local variety. The pattern of WSC content also differed between the two cultivars with the adapted type characterized by higher values than the unadapted one except in winter. Irrigation during the dry season increased DMY by preventing dormancy of the local cultivar and by stimulating vegetative activity of the unadapted one, but neither influenced the mortality of the foreign cultivar or the WSC content in either variety. These results suggest that the low DMY produced in summer by the unadapted cultivar is obtained at the expense of carbohydrate reserves. The reduction of WSC (mg∙plant −1 ) in Lenta from May to August was 43% in dry and 47% in irrigated conditions versus 22% and 32%, respectively, in Vejo. Severe depletion of reserves seems to be the main cause of the thinning of the unadapted variety (the ground cover evaluated in October 1981 was 18% and 22% in Lenta and 82% and 93% in Vejo in nonirrigated and irrigated conditions, respectively). For these reasons the lack of persistence of the unadapted cultivars of perennial ryegrass in Mediterranean regions cannot be attributed to the extent of summer water shortage characterizing these areas.Key words: Lolium perenne L., environmental adaptation, persistence, carbohydrate reserves, stress in Mediterranean areas
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
From the second year, Vejo exceeded Lenta in ground cover, survival and tiller number.
- Taxon
- Lolium perenne L.
Lolium perennet0 - Material
- Vejoe0
- Outcome
- ground cover, plant survival and number of tillers per plante0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- starting from the 2nd year from sowinge0
- Comparator
- Lentae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results show that Vejo, starting from the 2nd year from sowing, had higher values than Lenta for ground cover, plant survival and number of tillers per plant.”
t0“Lolium perenne L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Vejo generally had higher dry matter yield than Lenta.
- Taxon
- Lolium perenne L.Lolium perennet0
- Material
- Vejoe1
- Outcome
- DMYe0
- Direction
- higherinferrede0
- Qualifier
- with the exception of the August 1981 samplinge0
- Comparator
- Lentae1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The same behavior was observed for DMY with the exception of the August 1981 sampling in which the situation was reversed because of the summer dormancy of the local variety.”
t0“Lolium perenne L.”
e1“Vejo (adapted to Central Italy) and Lenta (North European cultivar)”
Claim · model-written summary
In August 1981, Lenta exceeded Vejo in dry matter yield, attributed to local-variety summer dormancy.
- Taxon
- Lolium perenne L.Lolium perennet0
- Material
- Lentae1
- Outcome
- DMYe0
- Direction
- reversede0
- Qualifier
- August 1981 samplinge0
- Comparator
- Vejoe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The same behavior was observed for DMY with the exception of the August 1981 sampling in which the situation was reversed because of the summer dormancy of the local variety.”
t0“Lolium perenne L.”
e1“Vejo (adapted to Central Italy) and Lenta (North European cultivar)”
Claim · model-written summary
Adapted Vejo generally had higher water soluble carbohydrate content than unadapted Lenta except in winter.
- Taxon
- Lolium perenne L.Lolium perennet0
- Material
- Vejoe1
- Outcome
- WSC contente0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- except in wintere0
- Comparator
- Lentae1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The pattern of WSC content also differed between the two cultivars with the adapted type characterized by higher values than the unadapted one except in winter.”
t0“Lolium perenne L.”
e1“Vejo (adapted to Central Italy) and Lenta (North European cultivar)”
Claim · model-written summary
Dry-season irrigation raised dry matter yield.
- Taxon
- Lolium perenne L.Lolium perennet0
- Treatment
- Irrigation during the dry seasone0
- Outcome
- DMYe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Irrigation during the dry season increased DMY by preventing dormancy of the local cultivar and by stimulating vegetative activity of the unadapted one, but neither influenced the mortality of the foreign cultivar or the WSC content in either variety.”
t0“Lolium perenne L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation prevented local-cultivar dormancy.
- Taxon
- Lolium perenne L.Lolium perennet0
- Material
- Vejoe1
- Treatment
- Irrigation during the dry seasone0
- Outcome
- dormancy of the local cultivare0
- Direction
- preventinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Irrigation during the dry season increased DMY by preventing dormancy of the local cultivar and by stimulating vegetative activity of the unadapted one, but neither influenced the mortality of the foreign cultivar or the WSC content in either variety.”
t0“Lolium perenne L.”
e1“Vejo (adapted to Central Italy) and Lenta (North European cultivar)”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation stimulated vegetative activity of unadapted Lenta.
- Taxon
- Lolium perenne L.Lolium perennet0
- Material
- Lentae1
- Treatment
- Irrigation during the dry seasone0
- Outcome
- vegetative activity of the unadapted onee0
- Direction
- stimulatinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Irrigation during the dry season increased DMY by preventing dormancy of the local cultivar and by stimulating vegetative activity of the unadapted one, but neither influenced the mortality of the foreign cultivar or the WSC content in either variety.”
t0“Lolium perenne L.”
e1“Vejo (adapted to Central Italy) and Lenta (North European cultivar)”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation did not influence mortality of unadapted Lenta.
- Taxon
- Lolium perenne L.Lolium perennet0
- Material
- Lentae2
- Treatment
- Irrigatione1
- Outcome
- mortality of the foreign cultivare0
- Direction
- neither influencede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“but neither influenced the mortality of the foreign cultivar or the WSC content in either variety.”
t0“Lolium perenne L.”
e1“Irrigation during the dry season increased DMY by preventing dormancy of the local cultivar and by stimulating vegetative activity of the unadapted one, but neither influenced the mortality of the foreign cultivar or the WSC content in either variety.”
e2“The results show that Vejo, starting from the 2nd year from sowing, had higher values than Lenta for ground cover, plant survival and number of tillers per plant.”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation did not influence WSC content in either cultivar.
- Taxon
- Lolium perenne L.Lolium perennet0
- Treatment
- Irrigatione1
- Outcome
- WSC contente0
- Direction
- neither influencede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“but neither influenced the mortality of the foreign cultivar or the WSC content in either variety.”
t0“Lolium perenne L.”
e1“Irrigation during the dry season increased DMY by preventing dormancy of the local cultivar and by stimulating vegetative activity of the unadapted one, but neither influenced the mortality of the foreign cultivar or the WSC content in either variety.”
Claim · model-written summary
Lenta WSC declined 43% from May to August under dry conditions.
- Taxon
- Lolium perenne L.Lolium perennet0
- Material
- Lentae0
- Treatment
- drye0
- Outcome
- WSCe0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 43%e0
- Qualifier
- from May to Auguste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The reduction of WSC (mg∙plant −1 ) in Lenta from May to August was 43% in dry and 47% in irrigated conditions versus 22% and 32%, respectively, in Vejo.”
t0“Lolium perenne L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Lenta WSC declined 47% from May to August under irrigated conditions.
- Taxon
- Lolium perenne L.Lolium perennet0
- Material
- Lentae0
- Treatment
- irrigatede0
- Outcome
- WSCe0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 47%e0
- Qualifier
- from May to Auguste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The reduction of WSC (mg∙plant −1 ) in Lenta from May to August was 43% in dry and 47% in irrigated conditions versus 22% and 32%, respectively, in Vejo.”
t0“Lolium perenne L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Vejo WSC declined 22% from May to August under dry conditions.
- Taxon
- Lolium perenne L.Lolium perennet0
- Material
- Vejoe0
- Treatment
- drye0
- Outcome
- WSCe0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 22%e0
- Qualifier
- from May to Auguste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The reduction of WSC (mg∙plant −1 ) in Lenta from May to August was 43% in dry and 47% in irrigated conditions versus 22% and 32%, respectively, in Vejo.”
t0“Lolium perenne L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Vejo WSC declined 32% from May to August under irrigated conditions.
- Taxon
- Lolium perenne L.Lolium perennet0
- Material
- Vejoe0
- Treatment
- irrigatede0
- Outcome
- WSCe0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 32%e0
- Qualifier
- from May to Auguste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The reduction of WSC (mg∙plant −1 ) in Lenta from May to August was 43% in dry and 47% in irrigated conditions versus 22% and 32%, respectively, in Vejo.”
t0“Lolium perenne L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Severe reserve depletion was suggested as the main cause of thinning in Lenta.
- Taxon
- Lolium perenne L.Lolium perennet0
- Material
- Lentae1
- Outcome
- thinning of the unadapted varietye0
- Qualifier
- Severe depletion of reservese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Severe depletion of reserves seems to be the main cause of the thinning of the unadapted variety”
t0“Lolium perenne L.”
e1“Lenta (North European cultivar)”
Claim · model-written summary
Lenta ground cover in October 1981 was 18% under nonirrigated conditions.
- Taxon
- Lolium perenne L.Lolium perennet0
- Material
- Lentae0
- Treatment
- nonirrigatede0
- Outcome
- ground covere0
- Value
- 18%e0
- Qualifier
- October 1981e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the ground cover evaluated in October 1981 was 18% and 22% in Lenta and 82% and 93% in Vejo in nonirrigated and irrigated conditions, respectively”
t0“Lolium perenne L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Lenta ground cover in October 1981 was 22% under irrigated conditions.
- Taxon
- Lolium perenne L.Lolium perennet0
- Material
- Lentae0
- Treatment
- irrigatede0
- Outcome
- ground covere0
- Value
- 22%e0
- Qualifier
- October 1981e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the ground cover evaluated in October 1981 was 18% and 22% in Lenta and 82% and 93% in Vejo in nonirrigated and irrigated conditions, respectively”
t0“Lolium perenne L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Vejo ground cover in October 1981 was 82% under nonirrigated conditions.
- Taxon
- Lolium perenne L.Lolium perennet0
- Material
- Vejoe0
- Treatment
- nonirrigatede0
- Outcome
- ground covere0
- Value
- 82%e0
- Qualifier
- October 1981e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the ground cover evaluated in October 1981 was 18% and 22% in Lenta and 82% and 93% in Vejo in nonirrigated and irrigated conditions, respectively”
t0“Lolium perenne L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Vejo ground cover in October 1981 was 93% under irrigated conditions.
- Taxon
- Lolium perenne L.Lolium perennet0
- Material
- Vejoe0
- Treatment
- irrigatede0
- Outcome
- ground covere0
- Value
- 93%e0
- Qualifier
- October 1981e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the ground cover evaluated in October 1981 was 18% and 22% in Lenta and 82% and 93% in Vejo in nonirrigated and irrigated conditions, respectively”
t0“Lolium perenne L.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors concluded that lack of persistence of unadapted ryegrass cannot be attributed to summer water shortage.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrassLolium perennee0
- Outcome
- lack of persistencee0
- Qualifier
- cannot be attributed to the extent of summer water shortagee0
- Setting
- Mediterranean regionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the lack of persistence of the unadapted cultivars of perennial ryegrass in Mediterranean regions cannot be attributed to the extent of summer water shortage characterizing these areas.”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.