Abstract
We show that antiphase light-temperature cycles (negative day-night temperature difference [-DIF]) inhibit hypocotyl growth in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). This is caused by reduced cell elongation during the cold photoperiod. Cell elongation in the basal part of the hypocotyl under -DIF was restored by both 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC; ethylene precursor) and auxin, indicating limited auxin and ethylene signaling under -DIF. Both auxin biosynthesis and auxin signaling were reduced during -DIF. In addition, expression of several ACC Synthase was reduced under -DIF but could be restored by auxin application. In contrast, the reduced hypocotyl elongation of ethylene biosynthesis and signaling mutants could not be complemented by auxin, indicating that auxin functions upstream of ethylene. The PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTORS (PIFs) PIF3, PIF4, and PIF5 were previously shown to be important regulators of hypocotyl elongation. We now show that, in contrast to pif4 and pif5 mutants, the reduced hypocotyl length in pif3 cannot be rescued by either ACC or auxin. In line with this, treatment with ethylene or auxin inhibitors reduced hypocotyl elongation in PIF4 overexpressor (PIF4ox) and PIF5ox but not PIF3ox plants. PIF3 promoter activity was strongly reduced under -DIF but could be restored by auxin application in an ACC Synthase-dependent manner. Combined, these results show that PIF3 regulates hypocotyl length downstream, whereas PIF4 and PIF5 regulate hypocotyl length upstream of an auxin and ethylene cascade. We show that, under -DIF, lower auxin biosynthesis activity limits the signaling in this pathway, resulting in low activity of PIF3 and short hypocotyls.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Antiphase light-temperature cycles (-DIF) inhibited hypocotyl growth in Arabidopsis.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis
Arabidopsise0 - Treatment
- antiphase light-temperature cyclese0
- Outcome
- hypocotyl growthe0
- Direction
- inhibite0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We show that antiphase light-temperature cycles (negative day-night temperature difference [-DIF]) inhibit hypocotyl growth in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana)”
Claim · model-written summary
Under -DIF, cell elongation was reduced during the cold photoperiod.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise0
- Treatment
- antiphase light-temperature cyclese0
- Outcome
- cell elongatione1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Qualifier
- during the cold photoperiode1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We show that antiphase light-temperature cycles (negative day-night temperature difference [-DIF]) inhibit hypocotyl growth in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana)”
e1“This is caused by reduced cell elongation during the cold photoperiod”
Claim · model-written summary
Cell elongation in the basal hypocotyl under -DIF was restored by ACC.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise0
- Organ / stage
- basal part of the hypocotyle2
- Treatment
- ACCe2
- Outcome
- Cell elongatione2
- Direction
- restorede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We show that antiphase light-temperature cycles (negative day-night temperature difference [-DIF]) inhibit hypocotyl growth in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana)”
e2“Cell elongation in the basal part of the hypocotyl under -DIF was restored by both 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC; ethylene precursor) and auxin”
Claim · model-written summary
Cell elongation in the basal hypocotyl under -DIF was restored by auxin.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise0
- Organ / stage
- basal part of the hypocotyle2
- Treatment
- auxine2
- Outcome
- Cell elongatione2
- Direction
- restorede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We show that antiphase light-temperature cycles (negative day-night temperature difference [-DIF]) inhibit hypocotyl growth in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana)”
e2“Cell elongation in the basal part of the hypocotyl under -DIF was restored by both 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC; ethylene precursor) and auxin”
Claim · model-written summary
Auxin biosynthesis and auxin signaling were reduced under -DIF.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise0
- Treatment
- -DIFe3
- Outcome
- Both auxin biosynthesis and auxin signalinge3
- Direction
- reducede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We show that antiphase light-temperature cycles (negative day-night temperature difference [-DIF]) inhibit hypocotyl growth in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana)”
e3“Both auxin biosynthesis and auxin signaling were reduced during -DIF”
Claim · model-written summary
ACC Synthase expression was reduced under -DIF.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We show that antiphase light-temperature cycles (negative day-night temperature difference [-DIF]) inhibit hypocotyl growth in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana)”
e4“In addition, expression of several ACC Synthase was reduced under -DIF but could be restored by auxin application”
Claim · model-written summary
Auxin application restored ACC Synthase expression under -DIF.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise0
- Treatment
- auxin applicatione4
- Gene
- ACC Synthasee4
- Outcome
- expressione4
- Direction
- restorede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We show that antiphase light-temperature cycles (negative day-night temperature difference [-DIF]) inhibit hypocotyl growth in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana)”
e4“In addition, expression of several ACC Synthase was reduced under -DIF but could be restored by auxin application”
Claim · model-written summary
The reduced hypocotyl length in pif3 could not be rescued by ACC or auxin.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise0
- Material
- pif3e5
- Treatment
- ACC or auxine5
- Outcome
- hypocotyl lengthe5
- Direction
- cannot be rescuede5
- Comparator
- pif4 and pif5 mutantse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We show that antiphase light-temperature cycles (negative day-night temperature difference [-DIF]) inhibit hypocotyl growth in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana)”
e5“in contrast to pif4 and pif5 mutants, the reduced hypocotyl length in pif3 cannot be rescued by either ACC or auxin”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethylene or auxin inhibitors reduced hypocotyl elongation in PIF4 overexpressor plants.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise0
- Material
- PIF4 overexpressor (PIF4ox)e6
- Treatment
- treatment with ethylene or auxin inhibitorse6
- Outcome
- hypocotyl elongatione6
- Direction
- reducede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We show that antiphase light-temperature cycles (negative day-night temperature difference [-DIF]) inhibit hypocotyl growth in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana)”
e6“treatment with ethylene or auxin inhibitors reduced hypocotyl elongation in PIF4 overexpressor (PIF4ox) and PIF5ox but not PIF3ox plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethylene or auxin inhibitors reduced hypocotyl elongation in PIF5ox plants.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise0
- Material
- PIF5oxe6
- Treatment
- treatment with ethylene or auxin inhibitorse6
- Outcome
- hypocotyl elongatione6
- Direction
- reducede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We show that antiphase light-temperature cycles (negative day-night temperature difference [-DIF]) inhibit hypocotyl growth in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana)”
e6“treatment with ethylene or auxin inhibitors reduced hypocotyl elongation in PIF4 overexpressor (PIF4ox) and PIF5ox but not PIF3ox plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethylene or auxin inhibitors did not reduce hypocotyl elongation in PIF3ox plants.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise0
- Material
- PIF3oxe6
- Treatment
- treatment with ethylene or auxin inhibitorse6
- Outcome
- hypocotyl elongatione6
- Direction
- reducede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We show that antiphase light-temperature cycles (negative day-night temperature difference [-DIF]) inhibit hypocotyl growth in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana)”
e6“treatment with ethylene or auxin inhibitors reduced hypocotyl elongation in PIF4 overexpressor (PIF4ox) and PIF5ox but not PIF3ox plants”
Claim · model-written summary
PIF3 promoter activity was strongly reduced under -DIF.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise0
- Treatment
- -DIFe7
- Gene
- PIF3e7
- Outcome
- PIF3 promoter activitye7
- Direction
- strongly reducede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We show that antiphase light-temperature cycles (negative day-night temperature difference [-DIF]) inhibit hypocotyl growth in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana)”
e7“PIF3 promoter activity was strongly reduced under -DIF but could be restored by auxin application in an ACC Synthase-dependent manner”
Claim · model-written summary
Auxin application restored PIF3 promoter activity under -DIF in an ACC Synthase-dependent manner.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise0
- Treatment
- auxin applicatione7
- Gene
- PIF3e7
- Outcome
- PIF3 promoter activitye7
- Direction
- restorede7
- Qualifier
- in an ACC Synthase-dependent mannere7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We show that antiphase light-temperature cycles (negative day-night temperature difference [-DIF]) inhibit hypocotyl growth in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana)”
e7“PIF3 promoter activity was strongly reduced under -DIF but could be restored by auxin application in an ACC Synthase-dependent manner”
Claim · model-written summary
PIF3 regulates hypocotyl length downstream of an auxin and ethylene cascade.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise0
- Gene
- PIF3e1
- Outcome
- regulates hypocotyl lengthe1
- Qualifier
- downstreame1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We show that antiphase light-temperature cycles (negative day-night temperature difference [-DIF]) inhibit hypocotyl growth in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana)”
e1“PIF3 regulates hypocotyl length downstream, whereas PIF4 and PIF5 regulate hypocotyl length upstream of an auxin and ethylene cascade”
Claim · model-written summary
PIF4 and PIF5 regulate hypocotyl length upstream of an auxin and ethylene cascade.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise0
- Gene
- PIF4 and PIF5e1
- Outcome
- regulate hypocotyl lengthe1
- Qualifier
- upstream of an auxin and ethylene cascadee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We show that antiphase light-temperature cycles (negative day-night temperature difference [-DIF]) inhibit hypocotyl growth in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana)”
e1“PIF3 regulates hypocotyl length downstream, whereas PIF4 and PIF5 regulate hypocotyl length upstream of an auxin and ethylene cascade”
Claim · model-written summary
Under -DIF, lower auxin biosynthesis limits signaling through PIF3, giving short hypocotyls.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise0
- Gene
- PIF3e2
- Compound
- auxine2
- Outcome
- short hypocotylse2
- Qualifier
- lower auxin biosynthesis activity limits the signaling in this pathwaye2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We show that antiphase light-temperature cycles (negative day-night temperature difference [-DIF]) inhibit hypocotyl growth in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana)”
e2“lower auxin biosynthesis activity limits the signaling in this pathway, resulting in low activity of PIF3 and short hypocotyls”
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