Abstract
Phytohormones play crucial roles in regulating many aspects of plant development. Although much has been learned about the effects of individual hormones, cross-talk between and integration of different hormonal signals are still not well understood. We present a study of MINI ZINC FINGER 1 (MIF1), a putative zinc finger protein from Arabidopsis, and suggest that it may be involved in integrating signals from multiple hormones. MIF1 homologs are highly conserved among seed plants, each characterized by a very short sequence containing a central putative zinc finger domain. Constitutive overexpression of MIF1 caused dramatic developmental defects, including dwarfism, reduced apical dominance, extreme longevity, dark-green leaves, altered flower morphology, poor fertility, reduced hypocotyl length, spoon-like cotyledons, reduced root growth, and ectopic root hairs on hypocotyls and cotyledons. In addition, 35S::MIF1 seedlings underwent constitutive photomorphogenesis in the dark, with root growth similar to that in the light. Furthermore, 35S::MIF1 seedlings were demonstrated to be non-responsive to gibberellin (GA) for cell elongation, hypersensitive to the GA synthesis inhibitor paclobutrazol (PAC) and abscisic acid (ABA), and hyposensitive to auxin, brassinosteroid and cytokinin, but normally responsive to ethylene. The de-etiolation defect could not be rescued by the hormones tested. Consistent with these observations, genome-scale expression profiling revealed that 35S::MIF1 seedlings exhibited decreased expression of genes involved in GA, auxin and brassinosteroid signaling as well as cell elongation/expansion, and increased expression of ABA-responsive genes. We propose that MIF1, or the protein(s) with which MIF1 interacts, is involved in mediating the control of plant development by multiple hormones.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
MIF1 homologs are highly conserved in seed plants.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis
Arabidopsist0 - Gene
- MIF1e0
- Outcome
- highly conserved among seed plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MIF1 homologs are highly conserved among seed plants, each characterized by a very short sequence containing a central putative zinc finger domain”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
MIF1 overexpression caused dwarfism and reduced apical dominance.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- Constitutive overexpression of MIF1e0
- Gene
- MIF1e0
- Outcome
- dwarfism, reduced apical dominancee0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Constitutive overexpression of MIF1 caused dramatic developmental defects, including dwarfism, reduced apical dominance, extreme longevity, dark-green leaves, altered flower morphology, poor fertility, reduced hypocotyl length, spoon-like cotyledons, reduced root growth, and ectopic root hairs on hypocotyls and cotyledons”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
MIF1 overexpression caused extreme longevity and dark-green leaves.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- Constitutive overexpression of MIF1e0
- Gene
- MIF1e0
- Outcome
- extreme longevity, dark-green leavese0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Constitutive overexpression of MIF1 caused dramatic developmental defects, including dwarfism, reduced apical dominance, extreme longevity, dark-green leaves, altered flower morphology, poor fertility, reduced hypocotyl length, spoon-like cotyledons, reduced root growth, and ectopic root hairs on hypocotyls and cotyledons”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
MIF1 overexpression altered flower morphology and reduced fertility.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- Constitutive overexpression of MIF1e0
- Gene
- MIF1e0
- Outcome
- altered flower morphology, poor fertilitye0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Constitutive overexpression of MIF1 caused dramatic developmental defects, including dwarfism, reduced apical dominance, extreme longevity, dark-green leaves, altered flower morphology, poor fertility, reduced hypocotyl length, spoon-like cotyledons, reduced root growth, and ectopic root hairs on hypocotyls and cotyledons”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
MIF1 overexpression reduced hypocotyl and root growth and produced spoon-like cotyledons.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- Constitutive overexpression of MIF1e0
- Gene
- MIF1e0
- Outcome
- reduced hypocotyl length, spoon-like cotyledons, reduced root growthe0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Constitutive overexpression of MIF1 caused dramatic developmental defects, including dwarfism, reduced apical dominance, extreme longevity, dark-green leaves, altered flower morphology, poor fertility, reduced hypocotyl length, spoon-like cotyledons, reduced root growth, and ectopic root hairs on hypocotyls and cotyledons”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
MIF1 overexpression caused ectopic root hairs on hypocotyls and cotyledons.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- Constitutive overexpression of MIF1e0
- Gene
- MIF1e0
- Outcome
- ectopic root hairs on hypocotyls and cotyledonse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Constitutive overexpression of MIF1 caused dramatic developmental defects, including dwarfism, reduced apical dominance, extreme longevity, dark-green leaves, altered flower morphology, poor fertility, reduced hypocotyl length, spoon-like cotyledons, reduced root growth, and ectopic root hairs on hypocotyls and cotyledons”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
35S::MIF1 seedlings underwent photomorphogenesis in darkness.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Material
- 35S::MIF1e0
- Outcome
- constitutive photomorphogenesis in the darke0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“35S::MIF1 seedlings underwent constitutive photomorphogenesis in the dark, with root growth similar to that in the light”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
35S::MIF1 root growth in darkness was similar to light growth.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Material
- 35S::MIF1e0
- Outcome
- root growthe0
- Direction
- similar toe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“35S::MIF1 seedlings underwent constitutive photomorphogenesis in the dark, with root growth similar to that in the light”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
35S::MIF1 seedlings did not respond to GA for cell elongation.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Material
- 35S::MIF1e0
- Treatment
- gibberellin (GA)e0
- Outcome
- cell elongatione0
- Direction
- non-responsivee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“35S::MIF1 seedlings were demonstrated to be non-responsive to gibberellin (GA) for cell elongation”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
35S::MIF1 seedlings were hypersensitive to PAC.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- paclobutrazol (PAC)e0
- Outcome
- hypersensitivee0
- Direction
- hypersensitivee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“hypersensitive to the GA synthesis inhibitor paclobutrazol (PAC) and abscisic acid (ABA)”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
35S::MIF1 seedlings were hypersensitive to ABA.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- abscisic acid (ABA)e0
- Outcome
- hypersensitivee0
- Direction
- hypersensitivee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“hypersensitive to the GA synthesis inhibitor paclobutrazol (PAC) and abscisic acid (ABA)”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
35S::MIF1 seedlings were less sensitive to auxin, brassinosteroid and cytokinin.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Outcome
- hyposensitive to auxin, brassinosteroid and cytokinine0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“hyposensitive to auxin, brassinosteroid and cytokinin, but normally responsive to ethylene”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
35S::MIF1 seedlings responded normally to ethylene.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Outcome
- normally responsive to ethylenee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“hyposensitive to auxin, brassinosteroid and cytokinin, but normally responsive to ethylene”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
Hormones tested did not rescue de-etiolation.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- hormones testede0
- Outcome
- de-etiolation defecte0
- Direction
- could not be rescuede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The de-etiolation defect could not be rescued by the hormones tested”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
35S::MIF1 seedlings had lower expression of genes for GA, auxin and brassinosteroid signaling and cell elongation.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Material
- 35S::MIF1e0
- Outcome
- expression of genes involved in GA, auxin and brassinosteroid signalinge0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“35S::MIF1 seedlings exhibited decreased expression of genes involved in GA, auxin and brassinosteroid signaling as well as cell elongation/expansion”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
35S::MIF1 seedlings had higher ABA-responsive gene expression.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Outcome
- expression of ABA-responsive genese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased expression of ABA-responsive genes”
t0“Arabidopsis”
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