Abstract
In the natural environment, days are generally warmer than the night, resulting in a positive day/night temperature difference (+DIF). Plants have adapted to these conditions, and when exposed to antiphase light and temperature cycles (cold photoperiod/warm night [-DIF]), most species exhibit reduced elongation growth. To study the physiological mechanism of how light and temperature cycles affect plant growth, we used infrared imaging to dissect growth dynamics under +DIF and -DIF in the model plant Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). We found that -DIF altered leaf growth patterns, decreasing the amplitude and delaying the phase of leaf movement. Ethylene application restored leaf growth in -DIF conditions, and constitutive ethylene signaling mutants maintain robust leaf movement amplitudes under -DIF, indicating that ethylene signaling becomes limiting under these conditions. In response to -DIF, the phase of ethylene emission advanced 2 h, but total ethylene emission was not reduced. However, expression analysis on members of the 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) synthase ethylene biosynthesis gene family showed that ACS2 activity is specifically suppressed in the petiole region under -DIF conditions. Indeed, petioles of plants under -DIF had reduced ACC content, and application of ACC to the petiole restored leaf growth patterns. Moreover, acs2 mutants displayed reduced leaf movement under +DIF, similar to wild-type plants under -DIF. In addition, we demonstrate that the photoreceptor PHYTOCHROME B restricts ethylene biosynthesis and constrains the -DIF-induced phase shift in rhythmic growth. Our findings provide a mechanistic insight into how fluctuating temperature cycles regulate plant growth.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
-DIF decreased the amplitude of Arabidopsis leaf movement relative to +DIF.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Antiphase Light and Temperature Cycles Affect PHYTOCHROME B-Controlled Ethylene Sensitivity and Biosynthesis, Limiting Leaf Movement and Growth of Arabidopsis”
e0“resulting in a positive day/night temperature difference (+DIF)”
e1“We found that -DIF altered leaf growth patterns, decreasing the amplitude and delaying the phase of leaf movement”
Claim · model-written summary
-DIF delayed the phase of Arabidopsis leaf movement.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis
Arabidopsist0 - Treatment
- -DIFe1
- Outcome
- phase of leaf movemente1
- Direction
- delayinge1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Antiphase Light and Temperature Cycles Affect PHYTOCHROME B-Controlled Ethylene Sensitivity and Biosynthesis, Limiting Leaf Movement and Growth of Arabidopsis”
e1“We found that -DIF altered leaf growth patterns, decreasing the amplitude and delaying the phase of leaf movement”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethylene application restored leaf growth under -DIF.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- Ethylene applicatione2
- Outcome
- leaf growthe2
- Direction
- restorede2
- Setting
- -DIF conditionse2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Antiphase Light and Temperature Cycles Affect PHYTOCHROME B-Controlled Ethylene Sensitivity and Biosynthesis, Limiting Leaf Movement and Growth of Arabidopsis”
e2“Ethylene application restored leaf growth in -DIF conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Constitutive ethylene signaling mutants maintained robust leaf movement amplitudes under -DIF.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Material
- constitutive ethylene signaling mutantse3
- Treatment
- -DIFe3
- Outcome
- leaf movement amplitudese3
- Direction
- maintaine3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Antiphase Light and Temperature Cycles Affect PHYTOCHROME B-Controlled Ethylene Sensitivity and Biosynthesis, Limiting Leaf Movement and Growth of Arabidopsis”
e3“constitutive ethylene signaling mutants maintain robust leaf movement amplitudes under -DIF”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethylene signaling likely becomes limiting for leaf growth under -DIF.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Outcome
- ethylene signalinge0
- Qualifier
- limitinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Antiphase Light and Temperature Cycles Affect PHYTOCHROME B-Controlled Ethylene Sensitivity and Biosynthesis, Limiting Leaf Movement and Growth of Arabidopsis”
e0“ethylene signaling becomes limiting under these conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
-DIF advanced the phase of ethylene emission by 2 h.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- -DIFe4
- Outcome
- phase of ethylene emissione4
- Direction
- advancede4
- Value
- 2 he4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Antiphase Light and Temperature Cycles Affect PHYTOCHROME B-Controlled Ethylene Sensitivity and Biosynthesis, Limiting Leaf Movement and Growth of Arabidopsis”
e4“In response to -DIF, the phase of ethylene emission advanced 2 h, but total ethylene emission was not reduced”
Claim · model-written summary
-DIF did not reduce total ethylene emission.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- -DIFe4
- Outcome
- total ethylene emissione4
- Direction
- not reducede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Antiphase Light and Temperature Cycles Affect PHYTOCHROME B-Controlled Ethylene Sensitivity and Biosynthesis, Limiting Leaf Movement and Growth of Arabidopsis”
e4“In response to -DIF, the phase of ethylene emission advanced 2 h, but total ethylene emission was not reduced”
Claim · model-written summary
ACS2 activity was specifically suppressed in the petiole region under -DIF.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Organ / stage
- petiole regione5
- Treatment
- -DIFe5
- Gene
- ACS2e5
- Outcome
- activitye5
- Direction
- suppressede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Antiphase Light and Temperature Cycles Affect PHYTOCHROME B-Controlled Ethylene Sensitivity and Biosynthesis, Limiting Leaf Movement and Growth of Arabidopsis”
e5“ACS2 activity is specifically suppressed in the petiole region under -DIF conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Petioles under -DIF had reduced ACC content.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Organ / stage
- petiolese6
- Treatment
- -DIFe6
- Outcome
- ACC contente6
- Direction
- reducede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Antiphase Light and Temperature Cycles Affect PHYTOCHROME B-Controlled Ethylene Sensitivity and Biosynthesis, Limiting Leaf Movement and Growth of Arabidopsis”
e6“petioles of plants under -DIF had reduced ACC content”
Claim · model-written summary
Application of ACC to the petiole restored leaf growth patterns.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- application of ACC to the petiolee7
- Outcome
- leaf growth patternse7
- Direction
- restorede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Antiphase Light and Temperature Cycles Affect PHYTOCHROME B-Controlled Ethylene Sensitivity and Biosynthesis, Limiting Leaf Movement and Growth of Arabidopsis”
e7“application of ACC to the petiole restored leaf growth patterns”
Claim · model-written summary
acs2 mutants showed reduced leaf movement under +DIF, similar to wild-type plants under -DIF.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Material
- acs2 mutantse0
- Treatment
- +DIFe0
- Outcome
- leaf movemente0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- wild-type plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Antiphase Light and Temperature Cycles Affect PHYTOCHROME B-Controlled Ethylene Sensitivity and Biosynthesis, Limiting Leaf Movement and Growth of Arabidopsis”
e0“acs2 mutants displayed reduced leaf movement under +DIF, similar to wild-type plants under -DIF”
Claim · model-written summary
PHYTOCHROME B restricts ethylene biosynthesis in Arabidopsis.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Gene
- PHYTOCHROME Be0
- Outcome
- ethylene biosynthesise0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Antiphase Light and Temperature Cycles Affect PHYTOCHROME B-Controlled Ethylene Sensitivity and Biosynthesis, Limiting Leaf Movement and Growth of Arabidopsis”
e0“the photoreceptor PHYTOCHROME B restricts ethylene biosynthesis and constrains the -DIF-induced phase shift in rhythmic growth”
Claim · model-written summary
PHYTOCHROME B constrains the -DIF-induced phase shift in rhythmic growth.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- -DIFe0
- Gene
- PHYTOCHROME Be0
- Outcome
- phase shift in rhythmic growthe0
- Direction
- constrainse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Antiphase Light and Temperature Cycles Affect PHYTOCHROME B-Controlled Ethylene Sensitivity and Biosynthesis, Limiting Leaf Movement and Growth of Arabidopsis”
e0“the photoreceptor PHYTOCHROME B restricts ethylene biosynthesis and constrains the -DIF-induced phase shift in rhythmic growth”
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