Abstract
In growth chamber experiments using field soil naturally infested with Phytophthora sojae, addition of KCl at 150 to 400 μg of K per gram of dry soil increased the incidence of Phytophthora root and stem rot on susceptible soybean (Glycine max) compared with a distilled water control. Other potassium salts at 150 to 400 μg of K, phosphorus salts at 20 to 317 μg of P, and sulfate salts of K, Ca, Mg, Na, and Al at 491 μg of SO 4 per gram of soil did not affect disease incidence. Application of chloride salts of K, Na, Mg, Ca, NH 4 , Al, Fe, and Sr at 250 μg of Cl per gram of soil all increased disease incidence compared with the distilled water control. Addition of other ammonium salts also increased disease incidence. Disease incidence increased when KCl at 300 μg of K per gram soil was applied to naturally infested Blount silt loam but not to naturally infested Hoytville silty clay. The effects of chloride salts on plant growth and on natural inoculum of P. sojae were investigated. At 450 μg Cl/g of soil, addition of NaCl increased plant fresh weight but had no effect on germination, emergence, transpiration, height, and dry weight of plants grown in pasteurized, pathogen-free soil. When soybean plants were grown without a deplasmolytic shock and without promoting zoospore release by saturating the soil, the addition of chloride salts at 304 μg of Cl per gram of soil increased disease. In a leaf-disc-baiting bioassay, leaf infection by P. sojae zoospores decreased when 0.01 or 0.02 M KCl was added to soil extracts from flooded soil but was unaffected by KCl at 150 to 600 μg of K per gram of soil applied to the soil 5 days before baiting. Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis of taproots of 5-day-old soybean plants indicated a reduction in the calcium content of the outer cell layers with KCl at 400 μg of K per gram of soil but not with K 2 SO 4 . Disease increases with addition of KCl appear to be due to the presence of chloride and may be associated with changes in the micropartitioning of root calcium.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
KCl increased Phytophthora root and stem rot incidence in susceptible soybean relative to distilled water.
- Taxon
- soybean (Glycine max)
Glycine maxe0 - Treatment
- KCl at 150 to 400 μg of K per gram of dry soile0
- Interactor
- Phytophthora
Phytophthorae0pathogen - Outcome
- incidence of Phytophthora root and stem rote0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- distilled water controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“addition of KCl at 150 to 400 μg of K per gram of dry soil increased the incidence of Phytophthora root and stem rot on susceptible soybean (Glycine max) compared with a distilled water control”
Claim · model-written summary
Other potassium, phosphorus and sulfate salts did not affect soybean disease incidence.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Other potassium salts at 150 to 400 μg of K, phosphorus salts at 20 to 317 μg of P, and sulfate salts of K, Ca, Mg, Na, and Al at 491 μg of SO 4 per gram of soile0
- Outcome
- disease incidencee0
- Direction
- did not affecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Other potassium salts at 150 to 400 μg of K, phosphorus salts at 20 to 317 μg of P, and sulfate salts of K, Ca, Mg, Na, and Al at 491 μg of SO 4 per gram of soil did not affect disease incidence.”
t0“of Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Chloride salts of eight elements increased soybean disease incidence relative to distilled water.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- chloride salts of K, Na, Mg, Ca, NH 4 , Al, Fe, and Sr at 250 μg of Cl per gram of soile0
- Outcome
- disease incidencee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- distilled water controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of chloride salts of K, Na, Mg, Ca, NH 4 , Al, Fe, and Sr at 250 μg of Cl per gram of soil all increased disease incidence compared with the distilled water control.”
t0“of Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Other ammonium salts increased soybean disease incidence.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- other ammonium saltse0
- Outcome
- disease incidencee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Addition of other ammonium salts also increased disease incidence.”
t0“of Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
KCl increased disease incidence in Blount silt loam but not Hoytville silty clay.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- KCl at 300 μg of K per gram soile0
- Outcome
- Disease incidencee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- but not to naturally infested Hoytville silty claye0
- Setting
- Blount silt loame0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Disease incidence increased when KCl at 300 μg of K per gram soil was applied to naturally infested Blount silt loam but not to naturally infested Hoytville silty clay.”
t0“of Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
NaCl increased soybean fresh weight in pathogen-free soil.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- NaCle0
- Outcome
- plant fresh weighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- 450 μg Cl/g of soile0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At 450 μg Cl/g of soil, addition of NaCl increased plant fresh weight but had no effect on germination, emergence, transpiration, height, and dry weight of plants grown in pasteurized, pathogen-free soil.”
t0“of Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
NaCl did not affect germination, emergence, transpiration, height or dry weight of soybean in pathogen-free soil.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- NaCle0
- Outcome
- germination, emergence, transpiration, height, and dry weighte0
- Direction
- had no effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At 450 μg Cl/g of soil, addition of NaCl increased plant fresh weight but had no effect on germination, emergence, transpiration, height, and dry weight of plants grown in pasteurized, pathogen-free soil.”
t0“of Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Chloride salts increased soybean disease without a deplasmolytic shock or induced zoospore release.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- chloride salts at 304 μg of Cl per gram of soile0
- Outcome
- diseasee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When soybean plants were grown without a deplasmolytic shock and without promoting zoospore release by saturating the soil, the addition of chloride salts at 304 μg of Cl per gram of soil increased disease.”
Claim · model-written summary
KCl added to flooded soil extracts reduced soybean leaf-disc infection by P. sojae zoospores.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- 0.01 or 0.02 M KCle0
- Interactor
- P. sojaePhytophthora sojaee0pathogen
- Outcome
- leaf infection by P. sojae zoosporese0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“leaf infection by P. sojae zoospores decreased when 0.01 or 0.02 M KCl was added to soil extracts from flooded soil”
t0“of Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
KCl applied to soil before baiting did not change soybean leaf-disc infection.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- KCl at 150 to 600 μg of K per gram of soile0
- Interactor
- P. sojaePhytophthora sojaee0pathogen
- Outcome
- leaf infection by P. sojae zoosporese0
- Direction
- unaffectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“leaf infection by P. sojae zoospores decreased when 0.01 or 0.02 M KCl was added to soil extracts from flooded soil but was unaffected by KCl at 150 to 600 μg of K per gram of soil applied to the soil 5 days before baiting.”
t0“of Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
KCl reduced calcium in outer taproot cell layers of five-day-old soybean plants; K 2 SO 4 did not.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Organ / stage
- taprootse1
- Treatment
- KCl at 400 μg of K per gram of soile0
- Outcome
- calcium content of the outer cell layerse0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Comparator
- K 2 SO 4e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a reduction in the calcium content of the outer cell layers with KCl at 400 μg of K per gram of soil but not with K 2 SO 4”
e1“taproots of 5-day-old soybean plants”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors attribute increased disease after KCl to chloride and possibly changed root calcium distribution.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- KCle0
- Outcome
- Disease increasese0
- Qualifier
- may be associated with changes in the micropartitioning of root calciume0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Disease increases with addition of KCl appear to be due to the presence of chloride and may be associated with changes in the micropartitioning of root calcium.”
t0“of Soybean”
The same questions in other papers
sodium chloride · growth · Glycine max (soybean)Results differ
10 papers in the same direction as this paper · 47 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- negative
- negative
54 papers more in this group
See all 58 papers →sodium chloride · physiology: gas exchange · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
iron atom · disease · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- negative
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →magnesium atom · disease · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →calcium atom · disease · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 5 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
3 papers more in this group
See all 7 papers →potassium chloride · nutrient: content · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 4 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
4 papers more in this group
See all 8 papers →potassium chloride · Phytophthora · Glycine max (soybean)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
phosphorus · disease · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
7 papers in the same direction as this paper · 14 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
18 papers more in this group
See all 22 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.