Abstract
Soybean is an important and staple oilseed crop worldwide. Salinity stress has adverse effects on soybean development periods, especially on seed germination and post-germinative growth. Improving seed germination and emergence will have positive effects under salt stress conditions on agricultural production. Here we report that NaCl delays soybean seed germination by negatively regulating gibberellin (GA) while positively mediating abscisic acid (ABA) biogenesis, which leads to a decrease in the GA/ABA ratio. This study suggest that fluridone (FLUN), an ABA biogenesis inhibitor, might be a potential plant growth regulator that can promote soybean seed germination under saline stress. Different soybean cultivars, which possessed distinct genetic backgrounds, showed a similar repressed phenotype during seed germination under exogenous NaCl application. Biochemical analysis revealed that NaCl treatment led to high MDA (malondialdehyde) level during germination and the post-germinative growth stages. Furthermore, catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and peroxidase (POD) activities also changed after NaCl treatment. Subsequent quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis showed that the transcription levels of ABA and GA biogenesis and signaling genes were altered after NaCl treatment. In line with this, phytohormone measurement also revealed that NaCl considerably down-regulated active GA1, GA3, and GA4 levels, whereas the ABA content was up-regulated; and therefore ratios, such as GA1/ABA, GA3/ABA, and GA4/ABA, are decreased. Consistent with the hormonal quantification, FLUN partially rescued the delayed-germination phenotype caused by NaCl-treatment. Altogether, these results demonstrate that NaCl stress inhibits soybean seed germination by decreasing the GA/ABA ratio, and that FLUN might be a potential plant growth regulator that could promote soybean seed germination under salinity stress.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
NaCl delayed soybean seed germination.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe0 - Treatment
- NaCle0
- Outcome
- seed germinatione0
- Direction
- delayse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NaCl delays soybean seed germination”
Claim · model-written summary
NaCl reduced germination similarly across soybean cultivars with distinct genetic backgrounds.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- exogenous NaCl applicatione0
- Outcome
- seed germinatione0
- Direction
- repressede0
- Qualifier
- Different soybean cultivarse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Different soybean cultivars, which possessed distinct genetic backgrounds, showed a similar repressed phenotype during seed germination under exogenous NaCl application”
Claim · model-written summary
NaCl raised MDA level during germination and post-germinative growth.
- Organ / stage
- germination and the post-germinative growth stagese0
- Treatment
- NaCl treatmente0
- Outcome
- MDA (malondialdehyde) levele0
- Direction
- highe0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“NaCl treatment led to high MDA (malondialdehyde) level during germination and the post-germinative growth stages”
Claim · model-written summary
NaCl altered catalase, superoxide dismutase, and peroxidase activities.
- Treatment
- NaCl treatmente0
- Outcome
- catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and peroxidase (POD) activitiese0
- Direction
- changede0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and peroxidase (POD) activities also changed after NaCl treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
NaCl altered transcription of ABA and GA biogenesis and signaling genes.
- Treatment
- NaCl treatmente0
- Outcome
- transcription levels of ABA and GA biogenesis and signaling genese0
- Direction
- alterede0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“transcription levels of ABA and GA biogenesis and signaling genes were altered after NaCl treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
NaCl lowered active GA1 levels.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“NaCl considerably down-regulated active GA1, GA3, and GA4 levels”
Claim · model-written summary
NaCl lowered active GA3 levels.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“NaCl considerably down-regulated active GA1, GA3, and GA4 levels”
Claim · model-written summary
NaCl lowered active GA4 levels.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“NaCl considerably down-regulated active GA1, GA3, and GA4 levels”
Claim · model-written summary
NaCl raised ABA content.
Not reportedTaxonTreatmentComparator
Verbatim
e0“the ABA content was up-regulated”
Claim · model-written summary
NaCl decreased GA1/ABA, GA3/ABA, and GA4/ABA ratios.
Not reportedTaxonTreatmentComparator
Verbatim
e0“ratios, such as GA1/ABA, GA3/ABA, and GA4/ABA, are decreased”
Claim · model-written summary
Fluridone partly rescued NaCl-delayed germination.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“FLUN partially rescued the delayed-germination phenotype caused by NaCl-treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer that NaCl inhibits soybean seed germination through a lower GA/ABA ratio.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- NaCl stresse0
- Outcome
- seed germinatione0
- Direction
- inhibitse0
- Qualifier
- decreasing the GA/ABA ratioe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NaCl stress inhibits soybean seed germination by decreasing the GA/ABA ratio”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest fluridone could promote soybean germination under salinity stress.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- FLUNe0
- Outcome
- promote soybean seed germination under salinity stresse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“FLUN might be a potential plant growth regulator that could promote soybean seed germination under salinity stress”
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