Abstract
Organic heirloom tomatoes ( Solanum lycopersicum L.) are difficult to grow in Florida as a result of root-knot nematodes ( Meloidogyne spp.) (RKN) and hot, humid growing conditions. Although grafting with resistant rootstocks has been shown effective for RKN management in tomato production, little research has been conducted on grafted heirloom tomatoes under Florida conditions. In this 2-year study, two susceptible heirloom tomato scions, ‘Brandywine’ and ‘Flamme’, were grafted onto two hybrid rootstocks, i.e., interspecific tomato hybrid rootstock ‘Multifort’ ( S. lycopersicum × S. habrochaites ) and tomato hybrid rootstock ‘Survivor’ ( S. lycopersicum ). Non-grafted and self-grafted scions were used as controls. Three field trials were conducted including the 2010 and 2011 organic field trials as well as a transitional organic field trial in 2011. There was a lack of RKN pressure in the organic field in 2010. In 2011, the RKN population was higher in the transitional field than the organic field, whereas grafting with hybrid rootstocks significantly reduced root galling ( P ≤ 0.0001) in both fields. In the organic field, the hybrid rootstocks performed similarly and significantly reduced root galling compared with the non-grafted and self-grafted scions by ≈80.8%. In the transitional field, compared with non-grafted scions, the root galling reduction by ‘Survivor’ (97.1%) was significantly greater than that by ‘Multifort’ (57.6%). In general, tomato plants grafted onto ‘Multifort’ tended to be more vigorous than all other treatments. There was no clear relationship between root galling and tomato yields. Grafting did not significantly affect the total marketable yield for the scion ‘Flamme’ in both years. Total marketable yield was similar among treatments in 2010 but varied in 2011 for the scion ‘Brandywine’. In 2011, the non-grafted ‘Brandywine’ and ‘Brandywine’ grafted to ‘Survivor’ produced significantly higher ( P < 0.05) yields than other treatments in the organic field. However, in the transitional field, ‘Brandywine’ grafted to ‘Multifort’ resulted in significantly higher ( P < 0.05) yields than the non- and self-grafted ‘Brandywine’ treatments. Grafting with appropriate rootstocks may play an effective role in RKN management during the transition to organic production when high populations of nematodes are present.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
The 2010 organic field lacked root-knot nematode pressure.
- Taxon
- tomatoes
Solanum lycopersicume2 - Interactor
- Meloidogyne spp.
_penetrates_a_tomato_root_-_USDA-ARS.jpg?width=60)
Meloidogynee1pest - Outcome
- lack of RKN pressuree0
- Setting
- organic field in 2010e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_penetrates_a_tomato_root_-_USDA-ARS.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“There was a lack of RKN pressure in the organic field in 2010.”
e1“root-knot nematodes ( Meloidogyne spp.) (RKN)”
e2“Organic heirloom tomatoes ( Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
RKN population was higher in the transitional field than the organic field in 2011.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume2
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne spp.Meloidogynee1pest
- Outcome
- RKN populatione0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- organic fielde0
- Setting
- transitional fielde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In 2011, the RKN population was higher in the transitional field than the organic field”
e1“root-knot nematodes ( Meloidogyne spp.) (RKN)”
e2“Organic heirloom tomatoes ( Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Hybrid rootstock grafting significantly reduced root galling in both fields.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume2
- Treatment
- grafting with hybrid rootstockse0
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne spp.Meloidogynee3pest
- Outcome
- root gallinge0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- Non-grafted and self-grafted scionse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“grafting with hybrid rootstocks significantly reduced root galling ( P ≤ 0.0001) in both fields”
e1“Non-grafted and self-grafted scions were used as controls.”
e2“Organic heirloom tomatoes ( Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
e3“root-knot nematodes ( Meloidogyne spp.) (RKN)”
Claim · model-written summary
Hybrid rootstocks reduced root galling by about 80.8% in the organic field.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- hybrid rootstockse0
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne spp.Meloidogynee2pest
- Outcome
- root gallinge0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- ≈80.8%e0
- Comparator
- non-grafted and self-grafted scionse0
- Setting
- organic fielde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the organic field, the hybrid rootstocks performed similarly and significantly reduced root galling compared with the non-grafted and self-grafted scions by ≈80.8%.”
e1“Organic heirloom tomatoes ( Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
e2“root-knot nematodes ( Meloidogyne spp.) (RKN)”
Claim · model-written summary
Survivor reduced galling by 97.1% relative to nongrafted scions in the transitional field.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- ‘Survivor’e0
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne spp.Meloidogynee2pest
- Outcome
- root gallinge0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 97.1%e0
- Comparator
- non-grafted scionse0
- Setting
- transitional fielde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the transitional field, compared with non-grafted scions, the root galling reduction by ‘Survivor’ (97.1%) was significantly greater than that by ‘Multifort’ (57.6%).”
e1“Organic heirloom tomatoes ( Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
e2“root-knot nematodes ( Meloidogyne spp.) (RKN)”
Claim · model-written summary
Multifort reduced galling by 57.6% relative to nongrafted scions in the transitional field.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- ‘Multifort’e0
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne spp.Meloidogynee2pest
- Outcome
- root gallinge0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 57.6%e0
- Comparator
- non-grafted scionse0
- Setting
- transitional fielde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the transitional field, compared with non-grafted scions, the root galling reduction by ‘Survivor’ (97.1%) was significantly greater than that by ‘Multifort’ (57.6%).”
e1“Organic heirloom tomatoes ( Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
e2“root-knot nematodes ( Meloidogyne spp.) (RKN)”
Claim · model-written summary
Multifort grafted plants tended to be more vigorous than other treatments.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- grafted onto ‘Multifort’e0
- Outcome
- vigorouse0
- Direction
- more vigorouse0
- Comparator
- all other treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tomato plants grafted onto ‘Multifort’ tended to be more vigorous than all other treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Root galling had no clear relationship with tomato yields.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Organ / stage
- roote0
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne spp.Meloidogynee1pest
- Outcome
- tomato yieldse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There was no clear relationship between root galling and tomato yields.”
e1“root-knot nematodes ( Meloidogyne spp.) (RKN)”
Claim · model-written summary
Grafting did not significantly affect Flamme marketable yield in either year.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume2
- Material
- ‘Flamme’e0
- Treatment
- Graftinge0
- Outcome
- total marketable yielde0
- Direction
- did not significantly affecte0
- Comparator
- Non-grafted and self-grafted scionse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grafting did not significantly affect the total marketable yield for the scion ‘Flamme’ in both years.”
e1“Non-grafted and self-grafted scions were used as controls.”
e2“Organic heirloom tomatoes ( Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Brandywine yield was similar across treatments in 2010.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume1
- Material
- ‘Brandywine’e0
- Outcome
- Total marketable yielde0
- Direction
- similare0
- Comparator
- treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Total marketable yield was similar among treatments in 2010 but varied in 2011 for the scion ‘Brandywine’.”
e1“Organic heirloom tomatoes ( Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Brandywine marketable yield varied among treatments in 2011.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume1
- Material
- ‘Brandywine’e0
- Outcome
- Total marketable yielde0
- Direction
- variede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Total marketable yield was similar among treatments in 2010 but varied in 2011 for the scion ‘Brandywine’.”
e1“Organic heirloom tomatoes ( Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
In the organic field in 2011, nongrafted Brandywine yielded more than other treatments.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume1
- Material
- ‘Brandywine’e0
- Treatment
- non-grafted ‘Brandywine’e0
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- other treatmentse0
- Setting
- organic fielde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In 2011, the non-grafted ‘Brandywine’ and ‘Brandywine’ grafted to ‘Survivor’ produced significantly higher ( P < 0.05) yields than other treatments in the organic field.”
e1“Organic heirloom tomatoes ( Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
In the organic field in 2011, Survivor grafted Brandywine yielded more than other treatments.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume1
- Material
- ‘Brandywine’e0
- Treatment
- ‘Brandywine’ grafted to ‘Survivor’e0
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- other treatmentse0
- Setting
- organic fielde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In 2011, the non-grafted ‘Brandywine’ and ‘Brandywine’ grafted to ‘Survivor’ produced significantly higher ( P < 0.05) yields than other treatments in the organic field.”
e1“Organic heirloom tomatoes ( Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
In the transitional field, Multifort grafted Brandywine yielded more than non and self grafted treatments.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume1
- Material
- ‘Brandywine’e0
- Treatment
- ‘Brandywine’ grafted to ‘Multifort’e0
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- non- and self-grafted ‘Brandywine’ treatmentse0
- Setting
- transitional fielde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in the transitional field, ‘Brandywine’ grafted to ‘Multifort’ resulted in significantly higher ( P < 0.05) yields than the non- and self-grafted ‘Brandywine’ treatments.”
e1“Organic heirloom tomatoes ( Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest appropriate rootstocks for nematode management during transition to organic production.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume1
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne spp.Meloidogynee2pest
- Outcome
- Grafting with appropriate rootstocks may play an effective role in RKN managemente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grafting with appropriate rootstocks may play an effective role in RKN management during the transition to organic production when high populations of nematodes are present.”
e1“Organic heirloom tomatoes ( Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
e2“root-knot nematodes ( Meloidogyne spp.) (RKN)”
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