Abstract
Fungicide application is a key factor in the control of mycotoxin contamination in the harvested wheat grain. However, the practical results are often disappointing. In 2000-2004, 2006-2008 and 2007 and 2008, three experiments were made to test the efficacy of fungicide control on Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) in wheat and to find ways to improve control of the disease and toxin contamination. In a testing system we have used for 20 years, tebuconazole and tebuconazole + prothioconazole fungicides regularly reduced symptoms by about 80% with a correlating reduction in toxin contamination. Averages across the years normally show a correlation of r = 0.90 or higher. The stability differences (measured by the stability index) between the poorest and the best fungicides are about 10 or more times, differing slightly in mycotoxin accumulation, FHB index (severity) and Fusarium damaged kernels (FDK). The weak fungicides, like carbendazim, were effective only when no epidemic occurred or epidemic severity was at a very low level. Similar fungicide effects were seen on wheat cultivars which varied in FHB resistance. In this study, we found three fold differences in susceptibility to FHB between highly susceptible and moderately resistant cultivars when treated with fungicides. In the moderately resistant cultivars, about 50% of the fungicide treatments lowered the DON level below the regulatory limit. In the most susceptible cultivars, all fungicides failed to reduce mycotoxin levels low enough for grain acceptance, in spite of the fact that disease was significantly reduced. The results correlated well with the results of the large-scale field tests of fungicide application at the time of natural infection. The Turbo FloodJet nozzle reduced FHB incidence and DON contamination when compared to the TeeJet XR nozzle. Overall, the data suggest that significant decreases in FHB incidence and deoxynivalenol contamination in field situations are possible with proper fungicide applications. Additionally, small plot tests can be used to evaluate the quality of the field disease and toxin production.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Tebuconazole and tebuconazole + prothioconazole fungicides reduced Fusarium head blight symptoms by about 80% in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume2 - Treatment
- tebuconazole and tebuconazole + prothioconazole fungicidese1
- Outcome
- symptomse1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- about 80%e1
FusariumNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“tebuconazole and tebuconazole + prothioconazole fungicides regularly reduced symptoms by about 80%”
e2“fungicide control on Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) in wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The same fungicides gave a correlating reduction in toxin contamination in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- tebuconazole and tebuconazole + prothioconazole fungicidese1
- Outcome
- toxin contaminatione3
- Direction
- reductione3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“a correlating reduction in toxin contamination”
e1“tebuconazole and tebuconazole + prothioconazole fungicides regularly reduced symptoms by about 80%”
e2“fungicide control on Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) in wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Averages across the years show a correlation of r = 0.90 or higher in wheat fungicide trials.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Outcome
- correlatione4
- Value
- r = 0.90 or highere4
- Qualifier
- Averages across the yearse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Averages across the years normally show a correlation of r = 0.90 or higher”
e2“fungicide control on Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) in wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The stability differences between the poorest and best fungicides in wheat are about 10 or more times.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Outcome
- stability differencese5
- Value
- 10 or more timese5
- Qualifier
- measured by the stability indexe5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“The stability differences (measured by the stability index) between the poorest and the best fungicides are about 10 or more times”
e2“fungicide control on Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) in wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Stability differences between fungicides differ only slightly across mycotoxin accumulation, FHB index and Fusarium damaged kernels.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Outcome
- mycotoxin accumulation, FHB index (severity) and Fusarium damaged kernelse6
- Qualifier
- differing slightlye6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“differing slightly in mycotoxin accumulation, FHB index (severity) and Fusarium damaged kernels”
e2“fungicide control on Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) in wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Carbendazim, a weak fungicide, was effective in wheat only when no epidemic occurred or epidemic severity was very low.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- carbendazime7
- Outcome
- effectivee7
- Qualifier
- only when no epidemic occurred or epidemic severity was at a very low levele7
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“The weak fungicides, like carbendazim, were effective only when no epidemic occurred or epidemic severity was at a very low level”
e2“fungicide control on Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) in wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Similar fungicide effects were seen on wheat cultivars that varied in FHB resistance.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Material
- wheat cultivars which varied in FHB resistancee0
- Outcome
- fungicide effectse0
- Qualifier
- Similare0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Similar fungicide effects were seen on wheat cultivars which varied in FHB resistance”
e2“fungicide control on Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) in wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Susceptibility to FHB differed about threefold between highly susceptible and moderately resistant wheat cultivars treated with fungicides.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Material
- highly susceptible and moderately resistant cultivarse0
- Outcome
- susceptibility to FHBe0
- Value
- three folde0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“we found three fold differences in susceptibility to FHB between highly susceptible and moderately resistant cultivars when treated with fungicides”
e2“fungicide control on Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) in wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
In moderately resistant wheat cultivars, about 50% of fungicide treatments lowered DON below the regulatory limit.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Material
- moderately resistant cultivarse0
- Treatment
- fungicide treatmentse0
- Outcome
- DON levele0
- Direction
- lowerede0
- Value
- 50%e0
- Qualifier
- below the regulatory limite0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the moderately resistant cultivars, about 50% of the fungicide treatments lowered the DON level below the regulatory limit”
e2“fungicide control on Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) in wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
In the most susceptible wheat cultivars, all fungicides failed to reduce mycotoxin levels low enough for grain acceptance.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Material
- most susceptible cultivarse0
- Treatment
- all fungicidese0
- Outcome
- mycotoxin levelse0
- Direction
- failed to reducee0
- Qualifier
- low enough for grain acceptancee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the most susceptible cultivars, all fungicides failed to reduce mycotoxin levels low enough for grain acceptance”
e2“fungicide control on Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) in wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
In the most susceptible wheat cultivars, fungicides significantly reduced disease.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Material
- most susceptible cultivarse1
- Treatment
- all fungicidese1
- Outcome
- diseasee0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in spite of the fact that disease was significantly reduced”
e1“In the most susceptible cultivars, all fungicides failed to reduce mycotoxin levels low enough for grain acceptance”
e2“fungicide control on Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) in wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Results of the small-plot testing system correlated well with large-scale field tests of fungicide application in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Outcome
- resultse0
- Qualifier
- correlated welle0
- Comparator
- large-scale field tests of fungicide applicatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results correlated well with the results of the large-scale field tests of fungicide application at the time of natural infection”
e2“fungicide control on Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) in wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The Turbo FloodJet nozzle reduced FHB incidence and DON contamination in wheat compared with the TeeJet XR nozzle.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- Turbo FloodJet nozzlee0
- Outcome
- FHB incidence and DON contaminatione0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- TeeJet XR nozzlee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The Turbo FloodJet nozzle reduced FHB incidence and DON contamination when compared to the TeeJet XR nozzle”
e2“fungicide control on Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) in wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Small-plot tests are recommended for evaluating the quality of field disease and toxin production in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Outcome
- evaluate the quality of the field disease and toxin productione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“small plot tests can be used to evaluate the quality of the field disease and toxin production”
e2“fungicide control on Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) in wheat”
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