Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB) caused by infection with Fusarium graminearum leads to enormous losses to crop growers, and may contaminate grains with a number of Fusarium mycotoxins that pose serious risks to human and animal health. Antagonistic bacteria that are used to prevent FHB offer attractive alternatives or supplements to synthetic fungicides for controlling FHB without the negative effects of chemical management. Out of 500 bacterial strains isolated from soil, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens JCK-12 showed strong antifungal activity and was considered a potential source for control strategies to reduce FHB. B. amyloliquefaciens JCK-12 produces several cyclic lipopeptides (CLPs) including iturin A, fengycin, and surfactin. Iturin A inhibits spore germination of F. graminearum. Fengycin or surfactin alone did not display any inhibitory activity against spore germination at concentrations less than 30 µg/ml, but a mixture of iturin A, fengycin, and surfactin showed a remarkable synergistic inhibitory effect on F. graminearum spore germination. The fermentation broth and formulation of B. amyloliquefaciens JCK-12 strain reduced the disease incidence of FHB in wheat. Furthermore, co-application of B. amyloliquefaciens JCK-12 and chemical fungicides resulted in synergistic in vitro antifungal effects and significant disease control efficacy against FHB under greenhouse and field conditions, suggesting that B. amyloliquefaciens JCK-12 has a strong chemosensitizing effect. The synergistic antifungal effect of B. amyloliquefaciens JCK-12 and chemical fungicides in combination may result from the cell wall damage and altered cell membrane permeability in the phytopathogenic fungi caused by the CLP mixtures and subsequent increased sensitivity of F. graminearum to fungicides. In addition, B. amyloliquefaciens JCK-12 showed the potential to reduce trichothecenes mycotoxin production. The results of this study indicate that B. amyloliquefaciens JCK-12 could be used as an available biocontrol agent or as a chemosensitizer to chemical fungicides for controlling FHB disease and as a strategy for preventing the contamination of harvested crops with mycotoxins.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
JCK-12 had strong antifungal activity among 500 soil isolates.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume1 - Interactor
- Fusarium graminearum
_on_Corn_(Zea_mays)_at_Waimea%2C_Hawaii.jpg?width=60)
Fusarium graminearumt0pathogen - Second interactor
- Bacillus amyloliquefaciens JCK-12
.jpg?width=60)
Bacillus amyloliquefaciense0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- strong antifungal activitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_on_Corn_(Zea_mays)_at_Waimea%2C_Hawaii.jpg?width=500)
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Out of 500 bacterial strains isolated from soil, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens JCK-12 showed strong antifungal activity”
t0“Fusarium graminearum”
e1“in wheat.”
Claim · model-written summary
JCK-12 produces iturin A, fengycin and surfactin.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Interactor
- B. amyloliquefaciens JCK-12Bacillus amyloliquefaciense0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- iturin A, fengycin, and surfactine0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“B. amyloliquefaciens JCK-12 produces several cyclic lipopeptides (CLPs) including iturin A, fengycin, and surfactin.”
e1“in wheat.”
Claim · model-written summary
Iturin A inhibits Fusarium spore germination.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- Iturin Ae0
- Interactor
- F. graminearumFusarium graminearume0pathogen
- Outcome
- spore germination of F. graminearume0
- Direction
- inhibitse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Iturin A inhibits spore germination of F. graminearum.”
e1“in wheat.”
Claim · model-written summary
Fengycin did not inhibit spore germination below 30 µg/ml.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- Fengycine0
- Interactor
- Fusarium graminearumFusarium graminearumt0pathogen
- Outcome
- spore germinatione0
- Direction
- did not display any inhibitory activitye0
- Qualifier
- concentrations less than 30 µg/mle0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fengycin or surfactin alone did not display any inhibitory activity against spore germination at concentrations less than 30 µg/ml”
t0“Fusarium graminearum”
e1“in wheat.”
Claim · model-written summary
Surfactin did not inhibit spore germination below 30 µg/ml.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- surfactine0
- Interactor
- Fusarium graminearumFusarium graminearumt0pathogen
- Outcome
- spore germinatione0
- Direction
- did not display any inhibitory activitye0
- Qualifier
- concentrations less than 30 µg/mle0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fengycin or surfactin alone did not display any inhibitory activity against spore germination at concentrations less than 30 µg/ml”
t0“Fusarium graminearum”
e1“in wheat.”
Claim · model-written summary
The three lipopeptides together synergistically inhibited Fusarium spore germination.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- a mixture of iturin A, fengycin, and surfactine0
- Interactor
- F. graminearumFusarium graminearume0pathogen
- Outcome
- F. graminearum spore germinatione0
- Direction
- inhibitorye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a mixture of iturin A, fengycin, and surfactin showed a remarkable synergistic inhibitory effect on F. graminearum spore germination”
e1“in wheat.”
Claim · model-written summary
JCK-12 broth reduced wheat Fusarium head blight incidence.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- fermentation brothe0
- Interactor
- B. amyloliquefaciens JCK-12Bacillus amyloliquefaciense0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- disease incidence of FHBe0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The fermentation broth and formulation of B. amyloliquefaciens JCK-12 strain reduced the disease incidence of FHB in wheat.”
Claim · model-written summary
JCK-12 formulation reduced wheat Fusarium head blight incidence.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- formulation of B. amyloliquefaciens JCK-12 straine0
- Interactor
- B. amyloliquefaciens JCK-12Bacillus amyloliquefaciense0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- disease incidence of FHBe0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The fermentation broth and formulation of B. amyloliquefaciens JCK-12 strain reduced the disease incidence of FHB in wheat.”
Claim · model-written summary
JCK-12 with fungicides produced synergistic in vitro antifungal effects.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- co-application of B. amyloliquefaciens JCK-12 and chemical fungicidese0
- Interactor
- B. amyloliquefaciens JCK-12Bacillus amyloliquefaciense0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- antifungal effectse0
- Direction
- synergistice0
- Setting
- in vitroe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“co-application of B. amyloliquefaciens JCK-12 and chemical fungicides resulted in synergistic in vitro antifungal effects”
e1“in wheat.”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-application significantly controlled Fusarium head blight in greenhouse and field conditions.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- co-application of B. amyloliquefaciens JCK-12 and chemical fungicidese0
- Interactor
- B. amyloliquefaciens JCK-12Bacillus amyloliquefaciense0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- disease control efficacy against FHBe0
- Direction
- controle0
- Setting
- greenhouse and field conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“co-application of B. amyloliquefaciens JCK-12 and chemical fungicides resulted in synergistic in vitro antifungal effects and significant disease control efficacy against FHB under greenhouse and field conditions”
e1“in wheat.”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors propose cell wall damage and membrane permeability explain fungicide synergy.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Interactor
- F. graminearumFusarium graminearume0pathogen
- Outcome
- increased sensitivity of F. graminearum to fungicidese0
- Qualifier
- cell wall damage and altered cell membrane permeabilitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“may result from the cell wall damage and altered cell membrane permeability in the phytopathogenic fungi caused by the CLP mixtures and subsequent increased sensitivity of F. graminearum to fungicides”
e1“in wheat.”
Claim · model-written summary
JCK-12 showed potential to reduce trichothecene production.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Interactor
- B. amyloliquefaciens JCK-12Bacillus amyloliquefaciense0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- trichothecenes mycotoxin productione0
- Direction
- reducee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“B. amyloliquefaciens JCK-12 showed the potential to reduce trichothecenes mycotoxin production.”
e1“in wheat.”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors recommend JCK-12 as biocontrol or fungicide chemosensitizer for FHB.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Interactor
- B. amyloliquefaciens JCK-12Bacillus amyloliquefaciense0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- controlling FHB diseasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“B. amyloliquefaciens JCK-12 could be used as an available biocontrol agent or as a chemosensitizer to chemical fungicides for controlling FHB disease”
e1“in wheat.”
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