Abstract
In a greenhouse research, the effects of soil water conditions, sewage sludge and chemical fertilizers on growth characteristics and water use efficiency of rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Ali Kazemi) were studied in a loamy sand alkaline non-calcareous soil. The study was performed as a factorial experiment in a randomized complete blocks design including soil water conditions in three levels (continuous submergence, alternate submergence and alternate saturation) and source and amount of organic and chemical fertilizers in 10 levels [control, 100% chemical fertilizers (434.8 mg urea, 66.1 mg KH2PO4, 40 mg KCl, 50 mg FeSO4.7H2O, 38.5 mg FeSO4.7H2O, 21.3 mg ZnSO4.7H2O and 7.9 mg CuSO4.5H2O per kg of soil), 20 g sewage sludge per kg of soil with and without 50% of chemical fertilizers, 40 g sewage sludge per kg of soil with and without 50% of chemical fertilizers, 20 g poultry manure per kg of soil with and without 50% of chemical fertilizers and 40 g poultry manure per kg of soil with and without 50% of chemical fertilizers] with three replications. At the end of growth period, tiller and leaf number per plant, length and diameter of stem, length and volume of roots, and shoot and root dry matter were measured and water use efficiency (WUE) was calculated. The results showed that application of 20 and 40 g poultry manure per kg of soil prevented the growth of rice due to increase of soil salinity. Application of 20 and 40 g sewage sludge per kg of soil increased significantly tiller and leaf number per plant, length and diameter of stem, length and volume of roots, shoot and root dry matter and WUE compared to control and 100% chemical fertilizers treatments. Addition of 50% chemical fertilizers to 40 g sewage sludge per kg of soil did not significantly affect tiller and leaf number per plant, stem length, volume of roots, shoot dry matter and WUE of rice. The highest tiller number per plant, stem diameter, root length and the ratio of shoot dry matter to that of root were observed in continuous submergence treatment. The highest WUE of rice plant was in alternate saturation treatment. The effect of soil water conditions on plant height, leaf number per plant and shoot dry matter was not significant. In general, alternate saturation with application of 40 g sewage sludge per kg of soil could be recommended to achieve optimum growth of rice plant and increase of WUE.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Application of 20 and 40 g poultry manure per kg of soil prevented the growth of rice, due to increased soil salinity.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae1 - Treatment
- 20 and 40 g poultry manure per kg of soile1
- Outcome
- growth of ricee1
- Direction
- preventede1
- Qualifier
- due to increase of soil salinitye1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“application of 20 and 40 g poultry manure per kg of soil prevented the growth of rice due to increase of soil salinity”
Claim · model-written summary
Application of 20 and 40 g sewage sludge per kg of soil significantly increased tiller and leaf number per plant of rice compared with control and 100% chemical fertilizers.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- 20 and 40 g sewage sludge per kg of soile1
- Outcome
- tiller and leaf number per plante1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Comparator
- control and 100% chemical fertilizerse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e1“Application of 20 and 40 g sewage sludge per kg of soil increased significantly tiller and leaf number per plant, length and diameter of stem, length and volume of roots, shoot and root dry matter and WUE compared to control and 100% chemical fertilizers treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Application of 20 and 40 g sewage sludge per kg of soil significantly increased length and diameter of stem of rice compared with control and 100% chemical fertilizers.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- 20 and 40 g sewage sludge per kg of soile1
- Outcome
- length and diameter of steme1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Comparator
- control and 100% chemical fertilizerse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e1“Application of 20 and 40 g sewage sludge per kg of soil increased significantly tiller and leaf number per plant, length and diameter of stem, length and volume of roots, shoot and root dry matter and WUE compared to control and 100% chemical fertilizers treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Application of 20 and 40 g sewage sludge per kg of soil significantly increased length and volume of roots of rice compared with control and 100% chemical fertilizers.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- 20 and 40 g sewage sludge per kg of soile1
- Outcome
- length and volume of rootse1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Comparator
- control and 100% chemical fertilizerse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e1“Application of 20 and 40 g sewage sludge per kg of soil increased significantly tiller and leaf number per plant, length and diameter of stem, length and volume of roots, shoot and root dry matter and WUE compared to control and 100% chemical fertilizers treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Application of 20 and 40 g sewage sludge per kg of soil significantly increased shoot and root dry matter and WUE of rice compared with control and 100% chemical fertilizers.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- 20 and 40 g sewage sludge per kg of soile1
- Outcome
- shoot and root dry matter and WUEe1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Comparator
- control and 100% chemical fertilizerse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e1“Application of 20 and 40 g sewage sludge per kg of soil increased significantly tiller and leaf number per plant, length and diameter of stem, length and volume of roots, shoot and root dry matter and WUE compared to control and 100% chemical fertilizers treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Adding 50% chemical fertilizers to 40 g sewage sludge per kg of soil did not significantly affect tiller and leaf number per plant, stem length of rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- Addition of 50% chemical fertilizerse1
- Outcome
- tiller and leaf number per plant, stem lengthe1
- Direction
- did not significantly affecte1
- Comparator
- 40 g sewage sludge per kg of soile1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Addition of 50% chemical fertilizers to 40 g sewage sludge per kg of soil did not significantly affect tiller and leaf number per plant, stem length, volume of roots, shoot dry matter and WUE of rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Adding 50% chemical fertilizers to 40 g sewage sludge per kg of soil did not significantly affect volume of roots, shoot dry matter and WUE of rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- Addition of 50% chemical fertilizerse1
- Outcome
- volume of roots, shoot dry matter and WUEe1
- Direction
- did not significantly affecte1
- Comparator
- 40 g sewage sludge per kg of soile1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Addition of 50% chemical fertilizers to 40 g sewage sludge per kg of soil did not significantly affect tiller and leaf number per plant, stem length, volume of roots, shoot dry matter and WUE of rice”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest tiller number per plant, stem diameter of rice were observed under continuous submergence.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- continuous submergencee1
- Outcome
- tiller number per plant, stem diametere1
- Direction
- higheste1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e1“The highest tiller number per plant, stem diameter, root length and the ratio of shoot dry matter to that of root were observed in continuous submergence treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest root length and the ratio of shoot dry matter to that of root of rice were observed under continuous submergence.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- continuous submergencee1
- Outcome
- root length and the ratio of shoot dry matter to that of roote1
- Direction
- higheste1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e1“The highest tiller number per plant, stem diameter, root length and the ratio of shoot dry matter to that of root were observed in continuous submergence treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest water use efficiency of rice was in the alternate saturation treatment.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- alternate saturatione1
- Outcome
- WUEe1
- Direction
- higheste1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The highest WUE of rice plant was in alternate saturation treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
The effect of soil water conditions on rice plant height, leaf number per plant and shoot dry matter was not significant.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- soil water conditionse1
- Outcome
- plant height, leaf number per plant and shoot dry mattere1
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e1“The effect of soil water conditions on plant height, leaf number per plant and shoot dry matter was not significant”
Claim · model-written summary
Alternate saturation with 40 g sewage sludge per kg of soil could be recommended to achieve optimum growth of rice and increased WUE.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Outcome
- optimum growth of rice plant and increase of WUEe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“alternate saturation with application of 40 g sewage sludge per kg of soil could be recommended to achieve optimum growth of rice plant and increase of WUE”
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See all 759 papers →8 of 9 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.