Abstract
Field experiments were conducted at four locations (Larissa, Halkidona, Thessaloniki, and Halastra) in Greece to evaluate weed and cotton response to various pyrithiobac rates applied preplant incorporated (PPI), preemergence (PRE), or postemergence (POST). Pyrithiobac applied PPI or PRE at 0.068, 0.102, or 0.136 kg ai/ha controlled black nightshade, pigweeds, and common purslane at Larissa. However, pyrithiobac applied PRE at Thessaloniki and Halkidona was more effective against black nightshade and pigweeds than pyrithiobac applied PPI. Pyrithiobac applied PPI or PRE at 0.068 or 0.102 kg/ha did not control common lambsquarters at Thessaloniki. Weed control with trifluralin plus fluometuron applied PPI and alachlor plus fluometuron applied PRE at Larissa was slightly lower than that obtained with pyrithiobac. At Halkidona, trifluralin plus fluometuron applied PPI and alachlor plus fluometuron applied PRE provided weed control similar to that obtained with pyrithiobac. But at Thessaloniki, these treatments provided better weed control than pyrithiobac. Furthermore, pyrithiobac applied early postemergence (EPOST), midpostemergence, or in sequential systems controlled black nightshade and pigweeds, but it resulted in fair to good control of common purslane, velvetleaf, and common cocklebur. None of the POST treatments controlled common lambsquarters. Fluometuron EPOST controlled black nightshade, common lambsquarters, and common purslane ≥70, 86, and 67%, respectively. Fluometuron EPOST did not control pigweeds, velvetleaf, and common cocklebur. Cotton treated with pyrithiobac, regardless of method of application, yielded similar to the weed-free control. Cotton treated with pyrithiobac PPI at the highest rate (0.136 kg/ ha) yielded less at Halkidona, although adverse effects after its application were not visually apparent. Yield of cotton treated with herbicides was similar, with no difference among treatments.Nomenclature: Alachlor; fluometuron; pyrithiobac; trifluralin; black nightshade, Solanum nigrum L. #3 SOLNI; common cocklebur, Xanthium strumarium L. # XANST; common lambsquarters, Chenopodium album L. # CHEAL; common purslane, Portulaca oleracea L. # POROL; prostrate pigweed, Amaranthus blitoides S. Wats AMABL; redroot pigweed, Amaranthus retroflexus L. # AMARE; velvetleaf, Abutilon theophrasti Medicus # ABUTH; cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L. ‘Stoneville 474’, ‘Hazera Vered’, ‘Deltapine 20’, ‘Deltapine 50’, ‘Stoneville Bravo’.Additional index words: Application timing, cotton herbicide, crop injury, residual activity.Abbreviations: EPOST, early postemergence; MPOST, midpostemergence; MSMA, monosodium salt of methylarsonic acid; POST, postemergence; PPI, preplant incorporated; PRE, preemergence; WAP, weeks after planting; WAT, weeks after treatment.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Pyrithiobac applied before planting or emergence controlled black nightshade, pigweeds, and common purslane at Larissa.
- Taxon
- cotton
Gossypium hirsutumt0 - Treatment
- Pyrithiobac applied PPI or PRE at 0.068, 0.102, or 0.136 kg ai/hae0
- Outcome
- controlled black nightshade, pigweeds, and common purslanee0
- Setting
- Larissae0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pyrithiobac applied PPI or PRE at 0.068, 0.102, or 0.136 kg ai/ha controlled black nightshade, pigweeds, and common purslane at Larissa.”
t0“Cotton Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Preemergence pyrithiobac controlled black nightshade and pigweeds better than preplant incorporated pyrithiobac at Thessaloniki and Halkidona.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- pyrithiobac applied PREe0
- Outcome
- black nightshade and pigweedse0
- Direction
- more effectivee0
- Comparator
- pyrithiobac applied PPIe0
- Setting
- Thessaloniki and Halkidonae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“pyrithiobac applied PRE at Thessaloniki and Halkidona was more effective against black nightshade and pigweeds than pyrithiobac applied PPI.”
t0“Cotton Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Preplant or preemergence pyrithiobac at lower rates did not control common lambsquarters at Thessaloniki.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Pyrithiobac applied PPI or PRE at 0.068 or 0.102 kg/hae0
- Outcome
- common lambsquarterse0
- Direction
- did not controle0
- Setting
- Thessalonikie0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pyrithiobac applied PPI or PRE at 0.068 or 0.102 kg/ha did not control common lambsquarters at Thessaloniki.”
t0“Cotton Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Comparator herbicide programs controlled weeds slightly less than pyrithiobac at Larissa.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- trifluralin plus fluometuron applied PPI and alachlor plus fluometuron applied PREe0
- Outcome
- Weed controle0
- Direction
- slightly lowere0
- Comparator
- pyrithiobace0
- Setting
- Larissae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Weed control with trifluralin plus fluometuron applied PPI and alachlor plus fluometuron applied PRE at Larissa was slightly lower than that obtained with pyrithiobac.”
t0“Cotton Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Comparator herbicide programs gave similar weed control to pyrithiobac at Halkidona.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- trifluralin plus fluometuron applied PPI and alachlor plus fluometuron applied PREe0
- Outcome
- weed controle0
- Direction
- similare0
- Comparator
- pyrithiobace0
- Setting
- Halkidonae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At Halkidona, trifluralin plus fluometuron applied PPI and alachlor plus fluometuron applied PRE provided weed control similar to that obtained with pyrithiobac.”
t0“Cotton Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Those comparator herbicide programs gave better weed control than pyrithiobac at Thessaloniki.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- these treatmentse0
- Outcome
- weed controle0
- Direction
- bettere0
- Comparator
- pyrithiobace0
- Setting
- Thessalonikie0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“But at Thessaloniki, these treatments provided better weed control than pyrithiobac.”
t0“Cotton Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Postemergence pyrithiobac systems controlled black nightshade and pigweeds.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- pyrithiobac applied early postemergence (EPOST), midpostemergence, or in sequential systemse0
- Outcome
- controlled black nightshade and pigweedse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“pyrithiobac applied early postemergence (EPOST), midpostemergence, or in sequential systems controlled black nightshade and pigweeds”
t0“Cotton Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Postemergence pyrithiobac gave fair to good control of common purslane, velvetleaf, and common cocklebur.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- pyrithiobact0
- Outcome
- fair to good control of common purslane, velvetleaf, and common cocklebure0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it resulted in fair to good control of common purslane, velvetleaf, and common cocklebur.”
t0“Pyrithiobac Application Rate and Timing on Weed Control and Cotton Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
No postemergence treatment controlled common lambsquarters.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- POST treatmentse0
- Outcome
- common lambsquarterse0
- Direction
- Nonee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“None of the POST treatments controlled common lambsquarters.”
t0“Cotton Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Early postemergence fluometuron controlled black nightshade by at least 70%.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Fluometuron EPOSTe0
- Outcome
- black nightshadee0
- Direction
- controllede0
- Value
- ≥70e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fluometuron EPOST controlled black nightshade, common lambsquarters, and common purslane ≥70, 86, and 67%, respectively.”
t0“Cotton Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Early postemergence fluometuron controlled common lambsquarters by 86%.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Fluometuron EPOSTe0
- Outcome
- common lambsquarterse0
- Direction
- controllede0
- Value
- 86e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fluometuron EPOST controlled black nightshade, common lambsquarters, and common purslane ≥70, 86, and 67%, respectively.”
t0“Cotton Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Early postemergence fluometuron controlled common purslane by 67%.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Fluometuron EPOSTe0
- Outcome
- common purslanee0
- Direction
- controllede0
- Value
- 67%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fluometuron EPOST controlled black nightshade, common lambsquarters, and common purslane ≥70, 86, and 67%, respectively.”
t0“Cotton Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Early postemergence fluometuron did not control pigweeds, velvetleaf, or common cocklebur.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Fluometuron EPOSTe0
- Outcome
- pigweeds, velvetleaf, and common cocklebure0
- Direction
- did not controle0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fluometuron EPOST did not control pigweeds, velvetleaf, and common cocklebur.”
t0“Cotton Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Pyrithiobac-treated cotton yielded similarly to weed-free controls across application methods.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- pyrithiobace0
- Outcome
- yieldede0
- Direction
- similare0
- Comparator
- weed-free controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cotton treated with pyrithiobac, regardless of method of application, yielded similar to the weed-free control.”
Claim · model-written summary
At Halkidona, cotton treated with the highest preplant pyrithiobac rate yielded less.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- pyrithiobac PPI at the highest rate (0.136 kg/ ha)e0
- Outcome
- yieldede0
- Direction
- lesse0
- Setting
- Halkidonae0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cotton treated with pyrithiobac PPI at the highest rate (0.136 kg/ ha) yielded less at Halkidona”
Claim · model-written summary
No injury was visually apparent after the highest preplant pyrithiobac rate.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Outcome
- adverse effects after its application were not visually apparente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“adverse effects after its application were not visually apparent.”
t0“Cotton Yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Cotton yield was similar across herbicide treatments.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- herbicidese0
- Outcome
- Yielde0
- Direction
- similare0
- Comparator
- treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Yield of cotton treated with herbicides was similar, with no difference among treatments.”
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