Abstract
The role of salicylic acid (SA) in plant responses to pathogens has been well documented, but its direct and indirect effects on plant responses to insects are not so well understood. We examined the effects of SA, alone and in combination with jasmonic acid (JA), on the performance of the generalist herbivore, Spodoptera exigua, in wild-type and mutant Arabidopsis thaliana genotypes that varied genetically in their ability to mount SA- and JA-mediated defence responses. In one experiment, growth of S. exigua larvae was highest on the Wassilewskija wild-type, intermediate on the Columbia wild-type and the JA-deficient fad mutant, and lowest on the nim1-1 and jar1-mutants, which are defective in the SA and JA pathways, respectively. Activity of guaiacol peroxidase, polyphenoloxidase, n-acetylglucosaminidase, and trypsin inhibitor varied by genotype but did not correlate with insect performance. SA treatment increased growth of S. exigua larvae by approximately 35% over all genotypes, but had no discernable effect on activities of the four defence proteins. In a second experiment, growth of S. exigua was highest across treatments on the cep1 mutant, a constitutive expressor of high SA levels and systemic acquired resistance, and lowest on the fad mutant, which is JA-deficient. JA treatment generally increased activity of all four defence proteins, increased total glucosinolate levels and reduced insect growth by approximately 25% over all genotypes. SA generally inhibited expression of JA-induced resistance to S. exigua when both hormones were applied simultaneously. Across genotypes and treatments, larval mass was negatively correlated with the activity of trypsin inhibitor and polyphenoloxidase and with total glucosinolate levels, and insect damage was negatively correlated with the activity of polyphenoloxidase. SA had little effect on the induction of defence protein activity by JA. However, SA attenuated the induction of glucosinolates by JA and therefore may explain better the interactive effects of SA and JA on insect performance. This study illustrates that direct and indirect cross-effects of SA on resistance to S. exigua can occur in A. thaliana. Effects of SA may be mediated through effects on plant defence chemistry or other aspects of the suitability of foliage for insect feeding and growth.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Larval growth differed across Arabidopsis genotypes, highest on Wassilewskija and lowest on nim1-1 and jar1.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thaliana
Arabidopsis thalianae1 - Material
- Wassilewskija wild-typee0
- Interactor
- S. exigua
Spodoptera exiguae0herbivore - Outcome
- growth of S. exigua larvaee0
- Direction
- higheste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“growth of S. exigua larvae was highest on the Wassilewskija wild-type, intermediate on the Columbia wild-type and the JA-deficient fad mutant, and lowest on the nim1-1 and jar1-mutants”
e1“Arabidopsis thaliana genotypes”
Claim · model-written summary
Defense protein activities varied by genotype without correlating with insect performance.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Material
- genotypee0
- Outcome
- Activity of guaiacol peroxidase, polyphenoloxidase, n-acetylglucosaminidase, and trypsin inhibitore0
- Direction
- did not correlatee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Activity of guaiacol peroxidase, polyphenoloxidase, n-acetylglucosaminidase, and trypsin inhibitor varied by genotype but did not correlate with insect performance”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
SA increased S. exigua larval growth by approximately 35% across genotypes.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- SA treatmente0
- Interactor
- S. exiguaSpodoptera exiguae0herbivore
- Outcome
- growth of S. exigua larvaee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- approximately 35%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
e0“SA treatment increased growth of S. exigua larvae by approximately 35% over all genotypes”
Claim · model-written summary
SA had no discernable effect on four defense protein activities.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- SA treatmente0
- Outcome
- activities of the four defence proteinse0
- Direction
- no discernable effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
e0“SA treatment increased growth of S. exigua larvae by approximately 35% over all genotypes, but had no discernable effect on activities of the four defence proteins”
Claim · model-written summary
In the second experiment, larval growth was highest on cep1.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Material
- cep1 mutante0
- Interactor
- S. exiguaSpodoptera exiguae0herbivore
- Outcome
- growth of S. exiguae0
- Direction
- higheste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
e0“growth of S. exigua was highest across treatments on the cep1 mutant”
Claim · model-written summary
In the second experiment, larval growth was lowest on fad.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Material
- fad mutante0
- Interactor
- S. exiguaSpodoptera exiguae1herbivore
- Outcome
- growth of S. exiguae1
- Direction
- loweste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
e0“lowest on the fad mutant, which is JA-deficient”
e1“growth of S. exigua was highest across treatments on the cep1 mutant”
Claim · model-written summary
JA generally increased activity of four defense proteins.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- JA treatmente0
- Outcome
- activity of all four defence proteinse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
e0“JA treatment generally increased activity of all four defence proteins”
Claim · model-written summary
JA increased total glucosinolate levels.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- JA treatmente0
- Outcome
- total glucosinolate levelse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
e0“JA treatment generally increased activity of all four defence proteins, increased total glucosinolate levels”
Claim · model-written summary
JA reduced insect growth by approximately 25% across genotypes.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- JA treatmente0
- Interactor
- Spodoptera exiguaSpodoptera exiguae1herbivore
- Outcome
- insect growthe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- approximately 25%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
e0“JA treatment generally increased activity of all four defence proteins, increased total glucosinolate levels and reduced insect growth by approximately 25% over all genotypes”
e1“Spodoptera exigua”
Claim · model-written summary
Simultaneous SA generally inhibited JA-induced resistance to S. exigua.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- SAe0
- Interactor
- S. exiguaSpodoptera exiguae0herbivore
- Outcome
- expression of JA-induced resistance to S. exiguae0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
- Comparator
- JA-induced resistancee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
e0“SA generally inhibited expression of JA-induced resistance to S. exigua when both hormones were applied simultaneously”
Claim · model-written summary
Larval mass correlated negatively with trypsin inhibitor and polyphenoloxidase activity and glucosinolate levels.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Interactor
- Spodoptera exiguaSpodoptera exiguae1herbivore
- Compound
- total glucosinolate levelse0
- Outcome
- larval masse0
- Direction
- negatively correlatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
e0“larval mass was negatively correlated with the activity of trypsin inhibitor and polyphenoloxidase and with total glucosinolate levels”
e1“Spodoptera exigua”
Claim · model-written summary
Insect damage correlated negatively with polyphenoloxidase activity.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Interactor
- Spodoptera exiguaSpodoptera exiguae1herbivore
- Gene
- polyphenoloxidasee0
- Outcome
- insect damagee0
- Direction
- negatively correlatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
e0“insect damage was negatively correlated with the activity of polyphenoloxidase”
e1“Spodoptera exigua”
Claim · model-written summary
SA had little effect on JA induction of defense protein activity.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- SAe0
- Outcome
- induction of defence protein activitye0
- Direction
- little effecte0
- Comparator
- JAe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
e0“SA had little effect on the induction of defence protein activity by JA”
Claim · model-written summary
SA attenuated JA induction of glucosinolates.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- SAe0
- Outcome
- induction of glucosinolatese0
- Direction
- attenuatede0
- Comparator
- JAe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
e0“SA attenuated the induction of glucosinolates by JA”
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