Abstract
To impart sustainability to modern intensive farming systems, environmental pollution caused by nitrogenous fertilizers in needs to be reduced by optimizing their doses. To estimate the grain yield and nutrtional quallity of wheat, the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and chlorophyll content (SPAD) are potential screening tools to identify the N deficiency and screen out the promising cultivars. The two-year field study was comprised with five levels of nitrogen (N) (control, 50, 100, 150 and 200 kg N ha−1) and two durum wheat genotypes (Sena and Svevo). The experimental design was split-plot, in which N levels were placed in the main plots, while wheat genotypes were arranged in sub-plots. To predict the yield and quality traits, the NDVI and SPAD values recorded at heading, anthesis and milky growth stages were taken as response variables. The results revealed that N fertilization significantly influenced the SPAD and NDVI attributed traits of durum wheat, except NDVI at milky stage (NDVI-M) during the first year. The maximum value of NDVI was recorded by 150 kg N ha−1, while control treatment gave the minimum value. The grain yield was increased with the increasing dose of the N up to 100 kg N ha−1 (4121 kg ha−1), and thereafter, it was declined with further increased of N levels. However, the variation between the genotypes was not significant, except NDVI and SPAD values at the milky stage. The genotype Svevo had the highest NDVI values at all growth stages, while the genotype Sena recorded the maximum SPAD values during both years. Similarly, the N levels significantly influenced the quality traits (protein, wet gluten, starch test weight and Zeleny sedimentation) of both genotypes. The highly significant relationship of SPAD and NDVI with the grain yield and yield attributes showed their reliability as indicators for determining the N deficiency and selection of superior wheat genotypes for ensuring food security under climate change scenario.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen significantly affected SPAD and NDVI traits except first-year milky-stage NDVI.
- Taxon
- durum wheat
Triticum turgidum subsp. durume0 - Treatment
- N fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- SPAD and NDVI attributed traitse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“N fertilization significantly influenced the SPAD and NDVI attributed traits of durum wheat, except NDVI at milky stage (NDVI-M) during the first year.”
Claim · model-written summary
150 kg N ha−1 produced the maximum NDVI, while the control produced the minimum.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Treatment
- 150 kg N ha−1e0
- Outcome
- NDVIe0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Comparator
- control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The maximum value of NDVI was recorded by 150 kg N ha−1, while control treatment gave the minimum value.”
t0“durum wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain yield rose up to 100 kg N ha−1, reaching 4121 kg ha−1.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Treatment
- 100 kg N ha−1e0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 4121 kg ha−1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The grain yield was increased with the increasing dose of the N up to 100 kg N ha−1 (4121 kg ha−1)”
t0“durum wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Further nitrogen beyond 100 kg N ha−1 reduced grain yield.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Treatment
- further increased of N levelse0
- Outcome
- grain yieldt1
- Direction
- declinede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“and thereafter, it was declined with further increased of N levels.”
t0“durum wheat”
t1“The grain yield was increased”
Claim · model-written summary
Genotype differences were not significant except for NDVI and SPAD at the milky stage.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Outcome
- variation between the genotypese0
- Direction
- not significante0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the variation between the genotypes was not significant, except NDVI and SPAD values at the milky stage.”
t0“durum wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Svevo had the highest NDVI at every growth stage.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Material
- Svevoe0
- Outcome
- NDVI valuese0
- Direction
- higheste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The genotype Svevo had the highest NDVI values at all growth stages”
t0“durum wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Sena had the maximum SPAD values in both years.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Material
- Senae0
- Outcome
- SPAD valuese0
- Direction
- maximume0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the genotype Sena recorded the maximum SPAD values during both years.”
t0“durum wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen significantly affected protein, wet gluten and starch quality traits.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Treatment
- N levelse0
- Outcome
- protein, wet gluten, starch test weight and Zeleny sedimentatione0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“N levels significantly influenced the quality traits (protein, wet gluten, starch test weight and Zeleny sedimentation) of both genotypes.”
t0“durum wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
SPAD and NDVI had a highly significant relationship with grain yield and yield attributes.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Outcome
- grain yield and yield attributese0
- Comparator
- SPAD and NDVIe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highly significant relationship of SPAD and NDVI with the grain yield and yield attributes”
t0“durum wheat”
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