Abstract
Studies were conducted to assess the importance of soil‐borne pathogens as impediments to the production of direct‐drilled wheat following Kentucky bluegrass in rotation. Bluegrass sods were collected as cores from commercial seed fields in October (after open‐field burning) and in December and March (after exposure to normal freezing and thawing), treated with glyphosate after a 2‐ to 3‐week period of green‐up in the glasshouse, and then planted to wheat 21 days later. Wheat seedlings in the 3‐ to 4‐leaf stage were stunted and spindly in either burned or nonburned sods collected in October, but grew significantly better in burned than nonburned sods collected in December and March. Fumigation (methyl bromide), simulated tillage, and application of metalaxyl as a drench, singly or as combined treatments, improved the growth of wheat in nonburned sods. Growth of wheat in nontreated burned sods collected after frost had penetrated the upper portions was equivalent to that in fumigated sods. Experimental freezing at −20°C for up to 96 h, of burned and nonburned sods collected in October, followed by thawing also improved the growth of wheat subsequently sown directly into these sods. The stunted and spindly seedlings had roots girdled and severed by lesions typical of Rhizoctonia root rot. Isolates of Rhizoctonia cerealis were recovered from these roots and caused poor seedling emergence and stunted root and shoot growth of both wheat and bluegrass. The results suggest that both R. cerealis and Pythium spp. are potentially important soil‐borne pathogens of wheat when following Kentucky bluegrass in rotation and that burning done routinely to improve the yield of bluegrass seed can also reduce the potential for damage caused by Rhizoctonia and Pythium root rots of wheat seeded directly into bluegrass sod.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat seedlings were stunted and spindly in October sods regardless of burning.
- Taxon
- Wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Organ / stage
- 3‐ to 4‐leaf stagee0
- Outcome
- stunted and spindlye0
- Qualifier
- either burned or nonburned sods collected in Octobere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Wheat seedlings in the 3‐ to 4‐leaf stage were stunted and spindly in either burned or nonburned sods collected in October, but grew significantly better in burned than nonburned sods collected in December and March.”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat grew significantly better in burned than nonburned December and March sods.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- burnede0
- Outcome
- grew significantly bettere0
- Direction
- bettere0
- Qualifier
- collected in December and Marche0
- Comparator
- nonburned sodse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Wheat seedlings in the 3‐ to 4‐leaf stage were stunted and spindly in either burned or nonburned sods collected in October, but grew significantly better in burned than nonburned sods collected in December and March.”
Claim · model-written summary
Methyl bromide fumigation improved wheat growth in nonburned sods.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Fumigation (methyl bromide)e0
- Outcome
- growth of wheate0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Qualifier
- nonburned sodse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fumigation (methyl bromide), simulated tillage, and application of metalaxyl as a drench, singly or as combined treatments, improved the growth of wheat in nonburned sods.”
Claim · model-written summary
Simulated tillage improved wheat growth in nonburned sods.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- simulated tillagee0
- Outcome
- growth of wheate0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Qualifier
- nonburned sodse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fumigation (methyl bromide), simulated tillage, and application of metalaxyl as a drench, singly or as combined treatments, improved the growth of wheat in nonburned sods.”
Claim · model-written summary
Metalaxyl drenching improved wheat growth in nonburned sods.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- application of metalaxyl as a drenche0
- Outcome
- growth of wheate0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Qualifier
- nonburned sodse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fumigation (methyl bromide), simulated tillage, and application of metalaxyl as a drench, singly or as combined treatments, improved the growth of wheat in nonburned sods.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined soil treatments improved wheat growth in nonburned sods.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- combined treatmentse0
- Outcome
- growth of wheate0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Qualifier
- nonburned sodse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fumigation (methyl bromide), simulated tillage, and application of metalaxyl as a drench, singly or as combined treatments, improved the growth of wheat in nonburned sods.”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat growth in untreated burned sods exposed to frost equalled growth in fumigated sods.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- nontreated burned sodse0
- Outcome
- Growth of wheate0
- Direction
- equivalente0
- Qualifier
- after frost had penetrated the upper portionse0
- Comparator
- fumigated sodse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Growth of wheat in nontreated burned sods collected after frost had penetrated the upper portions was equivalent to that in fumigated sods.”
Claim · model-written summary
Freezing and thawing burned October sods improved subsequently sown wheat growth.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Experimental freezing at −20°C for up to 96 he0
- Outcome
- growth of wheate0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Qualifier
- burnede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Experimental freezing at −20°C for up to 96 h, of burned and nonburned sods collected in October, followed by thawing also improved the growth of wheat subsequently sown directly into these sods.”
Claim · model-written summary
Freezing and thawing nonburned October sods improved subsequently sown wheat growth.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Experimental freezing at −20°C for up to 96 he0
- Outcome
- growth of wheate0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Qualifier
- nonburned sods collected in Octobere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Experimental freezing at −20°C for up to 96 h, of burned and nonburned sods collected in October, followed by thawing also improved the growth of wheat subsequently sown directly into these sods.”
Claim · model-written summary
Stunted wheat seedlings had roots girdled and severed by lesions typical of Rhizoctonia root rot.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- Rhizoctonia
.jpg?width=60)
Rhizoctoniae0pathogen - Outcome
- roots girdled and severede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“The stunted and spindly seedlings had roots girdled and severed by lesions typical of Rhizoctonia root rot.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Rhizoctonia cerealis isolates were recovered from affected roots.
- Taxon
- Rhizoctonia cerealis
Ceratobasidium cerealee0 - Interactor
- wheatTriticum aestivume0host
- Outcome
- recovered from these rootse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Isolates of Rhizoctonia cerealis were recovered from these roots and caused poor seedling emergence and stunted root and shoot growth of both wheat and bluegrass.”
Claim · model-written summary
Rhizoctonia cerealis caused poor emergence and stunted root and shoot growth in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Isolates of Rhizoctonia cerealise0
- Interactor
- Rhizoctonia cerealisCeratobasidium cerealee0pathogen
- Outcome
- poor seedling emergence and stunted root and shoot growthe0
- Direction
- poore0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Isolates of Rhizoctonia cerealis were recovered from these roots and caused poor seedling emergence and stunted root and shoot growth of both wheat and bluegrass.”
Claim · model-written summary
Rhizoctonia cerealis caused poor emergence and stunted root and shoot growth in bluegrass.
- Treatment
- Isolates of Rhizoctonia cerealise0
- Interactor
- Rhizoctonia cerealisCeratobasidium cerealee0pathogen
- Outcome
- poor seedling emergence and stunted root and shoot growthe0
- Direction
- poore0
PoaNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Isolates of Rhizoctonia cerealis were recovered from these roots and caused poor seedling emergence and stunted root and shoot growth of both wheat and bluegrass.”
Claim · model-written summary
R. cerealis and Pythium are potentially important wheat pathogens after Kentucky bluegrass.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Interactor
- R. cerealisCeratobasidium cerealee0pathogen
- Outcome
- potentially important soil‐borne pathogense0
- Qualifier
- when following Kentucky bluegrass in rotatione0
.jpg?width=60){kind=small}
PythiumOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“The results suggest that both R. cerealis and Pythium spp. are potentially important soil‐borne pathogens of wheat when following Kentucky bluegrass in rotation”
Claim · model-written summary
Routine burning can reduce Rhizoctonia and Pythium root rot damage in wheat directly seeded into bluegrass sod.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Interactor
- RhizoctoniaRhizoctoniae0pathogen
- Outcome
- burning done routinelye0
- Qualifier
- seeded directly into bluegrass sode0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“burning done routinely to improve the yield of bluegrass seed can also reduce the potential for damage caused by Rhizoctonia and Pythium root rots of wheat seeded directly into bluegrass sod.”
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