Abstract
Members of the grass subfamily Pooideae are characterized by their adaptation to cool temperate climates. Vernalization is the process whereby flowering is accelerated in response to a prolonged period of cold. Winter cereals are tolerant of low temperatures and flower earlier with vernalization, whereas spring cultivars are intolerant of low temperatures and flower later with vernalization. In the pooid grasses wheat (Triticum monococcum, Triticum aestivum) and barley (Hordeum vulgare), vernalization responsiveness is determined by allelic variation at the VERNALIZATION1 (VRN1) and/or VRN2 loci. To determine whether VRN1, and its paralog FRUITFULL2 (FUL2), are involved in vernalization requirement across Pooideae, we determined expression profiles for multiple cultivars of oat (Avena sativa) and wheat with and without cold treatment. Our results demonstrate significant up-regulation of VRN1 expression in leaves of winter oat and wheat in response to vernalization; no treatment effect was found for spring or facultative growth habit oat and wheat. Similar cold-dependent patterns of leaf expression were found for FUL2 in winter oat, but not winter wheat, suggesting a redundant qualitative role for these genes in the quantitative induction of flowering competency of oat. These and other data support the hypothesis that VRN1 is a common regulator of vernalization responsiveness within the crown pooids. Finally, we found that up-regulation of VRN1 in vegetative meristems of oat was significantly later than in leaves. This suggests distinct and conserved roles for temperate cereal grass VRN1/FUL-like genes, first, in systemic signaling to induce flowering competency, and second, in meristems to activate genes involved in the floral transition.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Vernalization significantly up-regulated VRN1 leaf expression in winter oat.
- Taxon
- oat
Avena sativae0 - Material
- wintere0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- vernalizatione0
- Gene
- VRN1e0
- Outcome
- VRN1 expressione0
- Direction
- up-regulatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Our results demonstrate significant up-regulation of VRN1 expression in leaves of winter oat and wheat in response to vernalization”
Claim · model-written summary
Vernalization significantly up-regulated VRN1 leaf expression in winter wheat.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Material
- wintere0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- vernalizatione0
- Gene
- VRN1e0
- Outcome
- VRN1 expressione0
- Direction
- up-regulatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Our results demonstrate significant up-regulation of VRN1 expression in leaves of winter oat and wheat in response to vernalization”
Claim · model-written summary
No vernalization treatment effect on VRN1 expression was found in spring oat.
- Taxon
- oatAvena sativae0
- Material
- springe0
- Treatment
- vernalizatione0
- Gene
- VRN1e0
- Outcome
- VRN1 expressione0
- Direction
- no treatment effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Our results demonstrate significant up-regulation of VRN1 expression in leaves of winter oat and wheat in response to vernalization; no treatment effect was found for spring or facultative growth habit oat and wheat.”
Claim · model-written summary
No vernalization treatment effect on VRN1 expression was found in facultative oat.
- Taxon
- oatAvena sativae0
- Material
- facultativee0
- Treatment
- vernalizatione0
- Gene
- VRN1e0
- Outcome
- VRN1 expressione0
- Direction
- no treatment effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Our results demonstrate significant up-regulation of VRN1 expression in leaves of winter oat and wheat in response to vernalization; no treatment effect was found for spring or facultative growth habit oat and wheat.”
Claim · model-written summary
No vernalization treatment effect on VRN1 expression was found in spring wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Material
- springe0
- Treatment
- vernalizatione0
- Gene
- VRN1e0
- Outcome
- VRN1 expressione0
- Direction
- no treatment effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Our results demonstrate significant up-regulation of VRN1 expression in leaves of winter oat and wheat in response to vernalization; no treatment effect was found for spring or facultative growth habit oat and wheat.”
Claim · model-written summary
No vernalization treatment effect on VRN1 expression was found in facultative wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Material
- facultativee0
- Treatment
- vernalizatione0
- Gene
- VRN1e0
- Outcome
- VRN1 expressione0
- Direction
- no treatment effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Our results demonstrate significant up-regulation of VRN1 expression in leaves of winter oat and wheat in response to vernalization; no treatment effect was found for spring or facultative growth habit oat and wheat.”
Claim · model-written summary
FUL2 showed similar cold-dependent leaf expression patterns in winter oat.
- Taxon
- oatAvena sativae0
- Material
- wintere0
- Organ / stage
- leafe0
- Treatment
- vernalizatione1
- Gene
- FUL2e0
- Outcome
- leaf expressione0
- Direction
- up-regulatione1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Similar cold-dependent patterns of leaf expression were found for FUL2 in winter oat, but not winter wheat”
e1“Our results demonstrate significant up-regulation of VRN1 expression in leaves of winter oat and wheat in response to vernalization”
Claim · model-written summary
Winter wheat did not show the similar cold-dependent FUL2 leaf expression pattern.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Material
- wintere0
- Treatment
- vernalizatione1
- Gene
- FUL2e0
- Outcome
- leaf expressione0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Similar cold-dependent patterns of leaf expression were found for FUL2 in winter oat, but not winter wheat”
e1“in response to vernalization”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest redundant qualitative roles for VRN1 and FUL2 in quantitative induction of oat flowering competency.
- Taxon
- oatAvena sativae0
- Gene
- VRN1e1
- Outcome
- flowering competencye0
- Qualifier
- redundant qualitative rolee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Similar cold-dependent patterns of leaf expression were found for FUL2 in winter oat, but not winter wheat, suggesting a redundant qualitative role for these genes in the quantitative induction of flowering competency of oat.”
e1“To determine whether VRN1, and its paralog FRUITFULL2 (FUL2), are involved in vernalization requirement across Pooideae”
Claim · model-written summary
The results support the hypothesis that VRN1 commonly regulates vernalization responsiveness in crown pooids.
Verbatim
e0“These and other data support the hypothesis that VRN1 is a common regulator of vernalization responsiveness within the crown pooids.”
Claim · model-written summary
VRN1 up-regulation occurred significantly later in oat vegetative meristems than in leaves.
- Taxon
- oatAvena sativae0
- Organ / stage
- vegetative meristemse0
- Gene
- VRN1e0
- Outcome
- up-regulation of VRN1e0
- Direction
- latere0
- Comparator
- leavese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Finally, we found that up-regulation of VRN1 in vegetative meristems of oat was significantly later than in leaves.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer a conserved VRN1/FUL-like systemic signaling role inducing flowering competency in temperate cereal grasses.
Verbatim
e0“This suggests distinct and conserved roles for temperate cereal grass VRN1/FUL-like genes, first, in systemic signaling to induce flowering competency, and second, in meristems to activate genes involved in the floral transition.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer a conserved VRN1/FUL-like meristem role activating floral transition genes in temperate cereal grasses.
Verbatim
e0“This suggests distinct and conserved roles for temperate cereal grass VRN1/FUL-like genes, first, in systemic signaling to induce flowering competency, and second, in meristems to activate genes involved in the floral transition.”
The same questions in other papers
cold · molecular: expression · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results differ
14 papers in the same direction as this paper · 34 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
45 papers more in this group
See all 49 papers →cold · molecular: expression · Avena sativa (oats)Positive and negative results
3 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.