Abstract
The regulation of anthocyanin accumulation in apple skin (cv. Jonathan) by temperature was studied. In the field the increase in anthocyanin in the skin before harvest coincided with decreasing temperatures and with increasing ethylene production by the fruit. In detached apples held under continuous white light, the optimum temperatures for anthocyanin accumulation were 12 °C in unripe apples and 16–24 °C in ripe apples. These effects were explained by corresponding changes in the level of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), a key enzyme of flavonoid synthesis. PAL levels were higher at low than at high temperatures and higher in ripe than in unripe apples. In intermittent light the effects of temperature were similar but levels of PAL and anthocyanin were lower, particularly in unripe apples. It is concluded that temperature, in conjunction with ripening and light, is an important factor regulating anthocyanin accumulation and that its effects are mediated by effects on the level of PAL activity.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Field anthocyanin increase before harvest coincided with falling temperature.
- Taxon
- Apple
Malus domesticat0 - Organ / stage
- skine0
- Outcome
- increase in anthocyanine0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Qualifier
- decreasing temperaturese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the increase in anthocyanin in the skin before harvest coincided with decreasing temperatures”
t0“Apple Skin”
Claim · model-written summary
Field anthocyanin increase before harvest coincided with increasing fruit ethylene production.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- skine0
- Compound
- ethylenee0
- Outcome
- increase in anthocyanine0
- Direction
- increasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the increase in anthocyanin in the skin before harvest coincided with decreasing temperatures and with increasing ethylene production by the fruit”
t0“Apple Skin”
Claim · model-written summary
Under continuous white light, unripe detached apples had an anthocyanin accumulation optimum at 12 °C.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae0
- Organ / stage
- unripe applese0
- Outcome
- anthocyanin accumulatione0
- Direction
- optimume0
- Value
- 12 °Ce0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the optimum temperatures for anthocyanin accumulation were 12 °C in unripe apples and 16–24 °C in ripe apples”
Claim · model-written summary
Under continuous white light, ripe detached apples had an anthocyanin accumulation optimum at 16–24 °C.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae0
- Organ / stage
- ripe applese0
- Outcome
- anthocyanin accumulatione0
- Direction
- optimume0
- Value
- 16–24 °Ce0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the optimum temperatures for anthocyanin accumulation were 12 °C in unripe apples and 16–24 °C in ripe apples”
Claim · model-written summary
PAL levels were higher at low than high temperatures.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Gene
- PALe0
- Outcome
- PAL levelse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- high temperaturese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PAL levels were higher at low than at high temperatures”
t0“Apple Skin”
Claim · model-written summary
PAL levels were higher in ripe than unripe apples.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“higher in ripe than in unripe apples”
e1“PAL levels were higher at low than at high temperatures and higher in ripe than in unripe apples”
Claim · model-written summary
Intermittent light yielded lower PAL levels than continuous light.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- intermittent lighte0
- Gene
- PALe0
- Outcome
- levels of PALe0
- Direction
- lowere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In intermittent light the effects of temperature were similar but levels of PAL and anthocyanin were lower”
t0“Apple Skin”
Claim · model-written summary
Intermittent light yielded lower anthocyanin levels, particularly in unripe apples.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- intermittent lighte0
- Outcome
- anthocyanine0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Qualifier
- particularly in unripe applese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In intermittent light the effects of temperature were similar but levels of PAL and anthocyanin were lower, particularly in unripe apples”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that temperature and light regulate apple skin anthocyanin through PAL activity.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Gene
- PALe0
- Outcome
- anthocyanin accumulatione0
- Qualifier
- temperature, in conjunction with ripening and lighte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“temperature, in conjunction with ripening and light, is an important factor regulating anthocyanin accumulation and that its effects are mediated by effects on the level of PAL activity”
t0“Apple Skin”
The same questions in other papers
light · physiology: antioxidant enzymes · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- no effect
light · quality: phytochemicals · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
8 papers in the same direction as this paper · 13 in the opposite direction
- positive
- no effect
- positive
18 papers more in this group
See all 22 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.