Abstract
Anthocyanin accumulation is responsible for the coloration of apple fruit, and their accumulation depends on the expression of anthocyanin biosynthesis-related genes. Light is an environmental stimulus that induces fruit color by regulating genes involved in the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway. In this study, the roles of light and genetic factors on fruit coloration and anthocyanin accumulation in apple fruit were investigated. Three genes in the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway, MdCHS, MdANS, and MdUFGT1, were synthesized and cloned into a viral-based expression vector system for transient expression in ‘Ruby S’ apple fruits. Apple fruits were agroinfiltrated with expression vectors harboring MdCHS, MdANS, and MdUFGT1. Agroinfiltrated apple fruits were then either kept in the dark (bagged fruits) or exposed to light (exposed fruits). The agroinfiltrated fruits showed significantly different coloration patterns, transcript expression levels, and anthocyanin accumulation compared to the control fruits. Moreover, these parameters were higher in exposed fruits than in bagged fruits. For stable expression, MdCHS was introduced into a binary vector under the control of the rice α-amylase 3D (RAmy3D) promoter. The ectopic overexpression of MdCHS in transgenic rice calli showed a high accumulation of anthocyanin content. Taken together, our findings suggest that light, together with the overexpression of anthocyanin biosynthesis genes, induced the coloration and accumulation of anthocyanin content in apple fruits by upregulating the expression of the genes involved in the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Agroinfiltrated apple fruit had significantly altered coloration relative to controls.
- Taxon
- apple
Malus domesticae1 - Material
- ‘Ruby S’e2
- Treatment
- expression vectors harboring MdCHS, MdANS, and MdUFGT1e1
- Outcome
- coloration patternse0
- Direction
- differente0
- Comparator
- control fruitse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The agroinfiltrated fruits showed significantly different coloration patterns, transcript expression levels, and anthocyanin accumulation compared to the control fruits”
e1“apple fruits were agroinfiltrated with expression vectors harboring MdCHS, MdANS, and MdUFGT1”
e2“in ‘Ruby S’ apple fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
Agroinfiltrated apple fruit had significantly altered transcript expression relative to controls.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- expression vectors harboring MdCHS, MdANS, and MdUFGT1e1
- Outcome
- transcript expression levelse0
- Direction
- differente0
- Comparator
- control fruitse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The agroinfiltrated fruits showed significantly different coloration patterns, transcript expression levels, and anthocyanin accumulation compared to the control fruits”
e1“apple fruits were agroinfiltrated with expression vectors harboring MdCHS, MdANS, and MdUFGT1”
Claim · model-written summary
Agroinfiltrated apple fruit had significantly altered anthocyanin accumulation relative to controls.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- expression vectors harboring MdCHS, MdANS, and MdUFGT1e1
- Outcome
- anthocyanin accumulatione0
- Direction
- differente0
- Comparator
- control fruitse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The agroinfiltrated fruits showed significantly different coloration patterns, transcript expression levels, and anthocyanin accumulation compared to the control fruits”
e1“apple fruits were agroinfiltrated with expression vectors harboring MdCHS, MdANS, and MdUFGT1”
Claim · model-written summary
Light-exposed agroinfiltrated apple fruit showed higher coloration than bagged fruit.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae2
- Treatment
- exposed to lighte2
- Outcome
- coloration patternse1
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- bagged fruitse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“these parameters were higher in exposed fruits than in bagged fruits”
e1“coloration patterns, transcript expression levels, and anthocyanin accumulation”
e2“apple fruits were then either kept in the dark (bagged fruits) or exposed to light (exposed fruits)”
Claim · model-written summary
Light-exposed agroinfiltrated apple fruit showed higher transcript expression than bagged fruit.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae2
- Treatment
- exposed to lighte2
- Outcome
- transcript expression levelse1
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- bagged fruitse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“these parameters were higher in exposed fruits than in bagged fruits”
e1“coloration patterns, transcript expression levels, and anthocyanin accumulation”
e2“apple fruits were then either kept in the dark (bagged fruits) or exposed to light (exposed fruits)”
Claim · model-written summary
Light-exposed agroinfiltrated apple fruit accumulated more anthocyanin than bagged fruit.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae2
- Treatment
- exposed to lighte2
- Outcome
- anthocyanin accumulatione1
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- bagged fruitse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“these parameters were higher in exposed fruits than in bagged fruits”
e1“coloration patterns, transcript expression levels, and anthocyanin accumulation”
e2“apple fruits were then either kept in the dark (bagged fruits) or exposed to light (exposed fruits)”
Claim · model-written summary
Ectopic MdCHS overexpression in transgenic rice calli produced high anthocyanin content.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Organ / stage
- callie0
- Treatment
- ectopic overexpression of MdCHSe0
- Gene
- MdCHSe0
- Outcome
- anthocyanin contente0
- Direction
- high accumulatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The ectopic overexpression of MdCHS in transgenic rice calli showed a high accumulation of anthocyanin content”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors attribute apple coloration and anthocyanin accumulation under light and gene overexpression to increased biosynthesis gene expression.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- light, together with the overexpression of anthocyanin biosynthesis genese0
- Outcome
- coloration and accumulation of anthocyanin contente0
- Qualifier
- upregulating the expression of the genes involved in the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathwaye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“light, together with the overexpression of anthocyanin biosynthesis genes, induced the coloration and accumulation of anthocyanin content in apple fruits by upregulating the expression of the genes involved in the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway”
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See all 22 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.