Abstract
In constant light, whole apples (cv. Red Spy) that received alternating 6/25°C treatment accumulated more phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and anthocyanin than those receiving constant 25° throughout the course of experiment. The stimulatory effect of low temperature (6°) on the activity of PAL and synthesis of anthocyanin was also observed in the alternating light and dark experiment when low temperature was applied in the dark period. In constant light, the activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase inactivating system (PAL-IS) was lower in the apples that had received alternating 6/25° treatment than that in apples that had received constant 25°. When the apples were incubated in constant darkness, no accumulation of PAL and anthocyanin occurred but the level of PAL-IS increased steadily throughout the course of incubation. Nitrogen and potassium deficiency increased PAL accumulation and decreased accumulation of PAL-IS in the leaves of greenhouse-grown apple trees. PAL activity was found to be negatively correlated with activity of PAL-IS. It is therefore concluded that low temperature reduces the level of PAL-IS and increases the accumulation of PAL which in turn increase anthocyanin accumulation in the skin of whole apples, and that nitrogen and potassium deficiencies reduce the level of PAL-IS and hence increase the accumulation of PAL in apple leaves.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Whole apples under alternating 6/25°C accumulated more PAL than under constant 25° in constant light.
- Taxon
- apples
Malus domesticae0 - Material
- cv. Red Spye0
- Treatment
- alternating 6/25°C treatmente0
- Outcome
- phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL)e0
- Direction
- accumulated moree0
- Comparator
- constant 25°e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In constant light, whole apples (cv. Red Spy) that received alternating 6/25°C treatment accumulated more phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and anthocyanin than those receiving constant 25° throughout the course of experiment”
Claim · model-written summary
Whole apples under alternating 6/25°C accumulated more anthocyanin than under constant 25° in constant light.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae0
- Material
- cv. Red Spye0
- Treatment
- alternating 6/25°C treatmente0
- Outcome
- anthocyanine0
- Direction
- accumulated moree0
- Comparator
- constant 25°e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In constant light, whole apples (cv. Red Spy) that received alternating 6/25°C treatment accumulated more phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and anthocyanin than those receiving constant 25° throughout the course of experiment”
Claim · model-written summary
Low temperature (6°) stimulated the activity of PAL in apples when applied in the dark period.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- low temperature (6°)e1
- Outcome
- activity of PALe1
- Direction
- stimulatorye1
- Qualifier
- when low temperature was applied in the dark periode1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In constant light, whole apples (cv. Red Spy) that received alternating 6/25°C treatment accumulated more phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and anthocyanin than those receiving constant 25° throughout the course of experiment”
e1“The stimulatory effect of low temperature (6°) on the activity of PAL and synthesis of anthocyanin was also observed in the alternating light and dark experiment when low temperature was applied in the dark period”
Claim · model-written summary
Low temperature (6°) stimulated the synthesis of anthocyanin in apples when applied in the dark period.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- low temperature (6°)e1
- Outcome
- synthesis of anthocyanine1
- Direction
- stimulatorye1
- Qualifier
- when low temperature was applied in the dark periode1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In constant light, whole apples (cv. Red Spy) that received alternating 6/25°C treatment accumulated more phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and anthocyanin than those receiving constant 25° throughout the course of experiment”
e1“The stimulatory effect of low temperature (6°) on the activity of PAL and synthesis of anthocyanin was also observed in the alternating light and dark experiment when low temperature was applied in the dark period”
Claim · model-written summary
The activity of PAL-IS was lower in apples under alternating 6/25° than under constant 25° in constant light.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae2
- Treatment
- alternating 6/25° treatmente2
- Outcome
- activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase inactivating system (PAL-IS)e2
- Direction
- lowere2
- Comparator
- constant 25°e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“In constant light, the activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase inactivating system (PAL-IS) was lower in the apples that had received alternating 6/25° treatment than that in apples that had received constant 25°”
Claim · model-written summary
In constant darkness, apples showed no accumulation of PAL and anthocyanin.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae3
- Treatment
- constant darknesse3
- Outcome
- accumulation of PAL and anthocyanine3
- Direction
- no accumulatione3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“When the apples were incubated in constant darkness, no accumulation of PAL and anthocyanin occurred but the level of PAL-IS increased steadily throughout the course of incubation”
Claim · model-written summary
The level of PAL-IS increased steadily in apples incubated in constant darkness.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae3
- Treatment
- constant darknesse3
- Outcome
- level of PAL-ISe3
- Direction
- increased steadilye3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“When the apples were incubated in constant darkness, no accumulation of PAL and anthocyanin occurred but the level of PAL-IS increased steadily throughout the course of incubation”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen deficiency increased PAL accumulation in the leaves of greenhouse-grown apple trees.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticae4
- Organ / stage
- leavese4
- Treatment
- Nitrogene4
- Outcome
- PAL accumulatione4
- Direction
- increasede4
- Setting
- greenhouse-growne4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Nitrogen and potassium deficiency increased PAL accumulation and decreased accumulation of PAL-IS in the leaves of greenhouse-grown apple trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen deficiency decreased PAL-IS accumulation in the leaves of greenhouse-grown apple trees.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticae4
- Organ / stage
- leavese4
- Treatment
- Nitrogene4
- Outcome
- accumulation of PAL-ISe4
- Direction
- decreasede4
- Setting
- greenhouse-growne4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Nitrogen and potassium deficiency increased PAL accumulation and decreased accumulation of PAL-IS in the leaves of greenhouse-grown apple trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium deficiency increased PAL accumulation in the leaves of greenhouse-grown apple trees.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticae4
- Organ / stage
- leavese4
- Treatment
- potassium deficiencye4
- Outcome
- PAL accumulatione4
- Direction
- increasede4
- Setting
- greenhouse-growne4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Nitrogen and potassium deficiency increased PAL accumulation and decreased accumulation of PAL-IS in the leaves of greenhouse-grown apple trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium deficiency decreased PAL-IS accumulation in the leaves of greenhouse-grown apple trees.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticae4
- Organ / stage
- leavese4
- Treatment
- potassium deficiencye4
- Outcome
- accumulation of PAL-ISe4
- Direction
- decreasede4
- Setting
- greenhouse-growne4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Nitrogen and potassium deficiency increased PAL accumulation and decreased accumulation of PAL-IS in the leaves of greenhouse-grown apple trees”
Claim · model-written summary
PAL activity was negatively correlated with PAL-IS activity in apple.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae0
- Gene
- PAL-ISe5
- Outcome
- PAL activitye5
- Direction
- negatively correlatede5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In constant light, whole apples (cv. Red Spy) that received alternating 6/25°C treatment accumulated more phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and anthocyanin than those receiving constant 25° throughout the course of experiment”
e5“PAL activity was found to be negatively correlated with activity of PAL-IS”
Claim · model-written summary
Low temperature reduces PAL-IS level and increases PAL accumulation, which increases anthocyanin accumulation in apple skin.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae6
- Treatment
- low temperaturee6
- Outcome
- anthocyanin accumulatione6
- Qualifier
- reduces the level of PAL-ISe6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“It is therefore concluded that low temperature reduces the level of PAL-IS and increases the accumulation of PAL which in turn increase anthocyanin accumulation in the skin of whole apples”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen and potassium deficiencies reduce PAL-IS level and increase PAL accumulation in apple leaves.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae7
- Treatment
- nitrogen and potassium deficienciese7
- Outcome
- accumulation of PALe7
- Qualifier
- reduce the level of PAL-ISe7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“and that nitrogen and potassium deficiencies reduce the level of PAL-IS and hence increase the accumulation of PAL in apple leaves”
The same questions in other papers
light · physiology: antioxidant enzymes · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.