Abstract
The gram-negative soil bacteria Rhizobium spp. infect and establish a nitrogen-fixing symbiosis with legume crops which involves the mutual exchange of diffusable signal molecules. In this study, Rhizobium leguminosarum containing a nod-lacZ gene fusion was used to screen the most effective plant-to-bacteria signal molecules for pea and lentil and the induction conditions. Out of a number of signal compounds including apigenin, daidzein, genistein, hesperetin, kaempferol, luteolin, naringenin, and rutin, hesperetin and naringenin were found to be the most effective plant-to-bacteria signal molecules. The induction of nod genes was temperature-dependent, where nod gene induction was decreased with dropping incubation temperature. The combination of hesperetin at 7 microM and naringenin at 3 microM resulted in better induction of nod gene activities compared to either hesperetin or naringenin alone. Nodulation and plant dry matter accumulation of pea and lentil plants receiving preinduced R. leguminosarum were higher than those of plants receiving uninduced R. leguminosarum cells in controlled environment growth chamber conditions. Preinduced Rhizobium with hesperetin at a concentration of 10 microM increased nodule number on average by 60.5% and dry matter accumulation by 14% in field pea at 17 degrees C, while it was 32% and 9% at 24 degrees C, respectively. Similarly, averaged over two rhizobial strains, a 59% and 6% increase in nodule number and biomass production at 17 degrees C, and a 39% and 27% at 24 degrees C, were obtained from lentil inoculated with hesperetin-induced R. leguminosarum, respectively.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Hesperetin was among the most effective plant-to-bacteria signals.
- Taxon
- pea
Lathyrus oleraceust0 - Interactor
- Rhizobium leguminosarum
Rhizobium leguminosarume1symbiont - Compound
- hesperetine0
- Outcome
- most effective plant-to-bacteria signal moleculese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“pea (Pisum sativum L.) and lentil (Lens culinaris L.)”
e0“hesperetin and naringenin were found to be the most effective plant-to-bacteria signal molecules”
e1“Rhizobium leguminosarum containing a nod-lacZ gene fusion”
Claim · model-written summary
Naringenin was among the most effective plant-to-bacteria signals.
- Taxon
- lentil
Lens culinarist0 - Interactor
- Rhizobium leguminosarumRhizobium leguminosarume1symbiont
- Compound
- naringenine0
- Outcome
- most effective plant-to-bacteria signal moleculese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“pea (Pisum sativum L.) and lentil (Lens culinaris L.)”
e0“hesperetin and naringenin were found to be the most effective plant-to-bacteria signal molecules”
e1“Rhizobium leguminosarum containing a nod-lacZ gene fusion”
Claim · model-written summary
Rhizobial nod gene induction decreased with falling incubation temperature.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceust0
- Treatment
- dropping incubation temperaturee0
- Interactor
- Rhizobium leguminosarumRhizobium leguminosarume1symbiont
- Gene
- nod genese0
- Outcome
- nod gene inductione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“pea (Pisum sativum L.) and lentil (Lens culinaris L.)”
e0“The induction of nod genes was temperature-dependent, where nod gene induction was decreased with dropping incubation temperature”
e1“Rhizobium leguminosarum containing a nod-lacZ gene fusion”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined hesperetin and naringenin induced rhizobial nod gene activity better than either alone.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceust0
- Treatment
- hesperetin at 7 microM and naringenin at 3 microMe0
- Interactor
- Rhizobium leguminosarumRhizobium leguminosarume1symbiont
- Gene
- nod genee0
- Outcome
- nod gene activitiese0
- Direction
- bettere0
- Comparator
- either hesperetin or naringenin alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“pea (Pisum sativum L.) and lentil (Lens culinaris L.)”
e0“The combination of hesperetin at 7 microM and naringenin at 3 microM resulted in better induction of nod gene activities compared to either hesperetin or naringenin alone”
e1“Rhizobium leguminosarum containing a nod-lacZ gene fusion”
Claim · model-written summary
Preinduced rhizobia increased pea nodulation and dry matter relative to uninduced cells.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceuse0
- Treatment
- preinduced R. leguminosarume0
- Interactor
- R. leguminosarumRhizobium leguminosarume0symbiont
- Outcome
- Nodulation and plant dry matter accumulatione0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- uninduced R. leguminosarum cellse0
- Setting
- controlled environment growth chamber conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“pea (Pisum sativum L.) and lentil (Lens culinaris L.)”
e0“Nodulation and plant dry matter accumulation of pea and lentil plants receiving preinduced R. leguminosarum were higher than those of plants receiving uninduced R. leguminosarum cells in controlled environment growth chamber conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Preinduced rhizobia increased lentil nodulation and dry matter relative to uninduced cells.
- Taxon
- lentilLens culinarise0
- Treatment
- preinduced R. leguminosarume0
- Interactor
- R. leguminosarumRhizobium leguminosarume0symbiont
- Outcome
- Nodulation and plant dry matter accumulatione0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- uninduced R. leguminosarum cellse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“pea (Pisum sativum L.) and lentil (Lens culinaris L.)”
e0“Nodulation and plant dry matter accumulation of pea and lentil plants receiving preinduced R. leguminosarum were higher than those of plants receiving uninduced R. leguminosarum cells in controlled environment growth chamber conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Hesperetin-preinduced rhizobia increased field pea nodule number by 60.5% at 17 degrees C.
- Taxon
- field peae0
- Treatment
- Preinduced Rhizobium with hesperetin at a concentration of 10 microMe0
- Outcome
- nodule numbere0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 60.5%e0
- Setting
- 17 degrees Ce0
RhizobiumNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Preinduced Rhizobium with hesperetin at a concentration of 10 microM increased nodule number on average by 60.5% and dry matter accumulation by 14% in field pea at 17 degrees C”
Claim · model-written summary
Hesperetin-preinduced rhizobia increased field pea dry matter by 14% at 17 degrees C.
- Taxon
- field peae0
- Treatment
- Preinduced Rhizobium with hesperetin at a concentration of 10 microMe0
- Outcome
- dry matter accumulatione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 14%e0
- Setting
- 17 degrees Ce0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Preinduced Rhizobium with hesperetin at a concentration of 10 microM increased nodule number on average by 60.5% and dry matter accumulation by 14% in field pea at 17 degrees C”
Claim · model-written summary
Hesperetin-preinduced rhizobia increased pea nodule number by 32% at 24 degrees C.
- Taxon
- field peae0
- Treatment
- Preinduced Rhizobium with hesperetin at a concentration of 10 microMe0
- Outcome
- nodule numbere0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 32%e0
- Setting
- 24 degrees Ce0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Preinduced Rhizobium with hesperetin at a concentration of 10 microM increased nodule number on average by 60.5% and dry matter accumulation by 14% in field pea at 17 degrees C, while it was 32% and 9% at 24 degrees C, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Hesperetin-preinduced rhizobia increased pea dry matter by 9% at 24 degrees C.
- Taxon
- field peae0
- Treatment
- Preinduced Rhizobium with hesperetin at a concentration of 10 microMe0
- Outcome
- dry matter accumulatione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 9%e0
- Setting
- 24 degrees Ce0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Preinduced Rhizobium with hesperetin at a concentration of 10 microM increased nodule number on average by 60.5% and dry matter accumulation by 14% in field pea at 17 degrees C, while it was 32% and 9% at 24 degrees C, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Hesperetin-induced rhizobia increased lentil nodule number by 59% at 17 degrees C.
- Taxon
- lentilLens culinarise0
- Treatment
- inoculated with hesperetin-induced R. leguminosarume0
- Interactor
- R. leguminosarumRhizobium leguminosarume0symbiont
- Outcome
- nodule numbere0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 59%e0
- Setting
- 17 degrees Ce0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a 59% and 6% increase in nodule number and biomass production at 17 degrees C, and a 39% and 27% at 24 degrees C, were obtained from lentil inoculated with hesperetin-induced R. leguminosarum, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Hesperetin-induced rhizobia increased lentil biomass by 6% at 17 degrees C.
- Taxon
- lentilLens culinarise0
- Treatment
- inoculated with hesperetin-induced R. leguminosarume0
- Interactor
- R. leguminosarumRhizobium leguminosarume0symbiont
- Outcome
- biomass productione0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 6%e0
- Setting
- 17 degrees Ce0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a 59% and 6% increase in nodule number and biomass production at 17 degrees C, and a 39% and 27% at 24 degrees C, were obtained from lentil inoculated with hesperetin-induced R. leguminosarum, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Hesperetin-induced rhizobia increased lentil nodule number by 39% at 24 degrees C.
- Taxon
- lentilLens culinarise0
- Treatment
- inoculated with hesperetin-induced R. leguminosarume0
- Interactor
- R. leguminosarumRhizobium leguminosarume0symbiont
- Outcome
- nodule numbere0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 39%e0
- Setting
- 24 degrees Ce0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a 59% and 6% increase in nodule number and biomass production at 17 degrees C, and a 39% and 27% at 24 degrees C, were obtained from lentil inoculated with hesperetin-induced R. leguminosarum, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Hesperetin-induced rhizobia increased lentil biomass by 27% at 24 degrees C.
- Taxon
- lentilLens culinarise0
- Treatment
- inoculated with hesperetin-induced R. leguminosarume0
- Interactor
- R. leguminosarumRhizobium leguminosarume0symbiont
- Outcome
- biomass productione0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 27%e0
- Setting
- 24 degrees Ce0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a 59% and 6% increase in nodule number and biomass production at 17 degrees C, and a 39% and 27% at 24 degrees C, were obtained from lentil inoculated with hesperetin-induced R. leguminosarum, respectively”
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