Abstract
Maximum lignocellulose yield of biomass sorghum [Sorghum bicolor L. (Moench.)] is hampered by complex biological phenomena related to rotation, nitrogen (N) fertilization, soil tillage, and excessive biomass removal. The biochemical basis of the effects of agronomic practices on sorghum production was studied by the enzymology of the active peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7) isoenzymes that synthesize lignin. All studied practices altered the peroxidase pI values. Control sorghum without rotation and without N fertilization had the most inhibited peroxidase with very low maximum velocity (Vmax) value (3.10 mmol·min﹣1), and very low lignin (857 kg·ha﹣1) yield, which could decrease soil organic carbon possibly leading to adverse changes in soil chemistry. Corn-sorghum rotations with and without N fertilization increased the Vmax values of peroxidase and lignin and cellulose yields. Rotated sorghum subjected to 50% residue return (the percentage of crop residue was returned to the plot immediately after grinding at harvest) and 280 kg·ha﹣1 N fertilization possessed very active peroxidase (Vmax value 66.4 mmole·min﹣1) and the highest lignin (1387 kg·ha﹣1) yield. The 25% residue return rate without N fertilization induced high lignin (1125 kg·ha﹣1) and cellulose (11,961 kg·ha﹣1) but the 25% residue return rate with 280 kg·ha﹣1 N fertilization induced lower lignin (1046 kg·ha﹣1) yield. Continuously cropped sorghum treated with 336 kg·N·ha﹣1 produced active peroxidase that shared competitive inhibition relationship with the peroxidase of the 84 kg·N·ha﹣1 treatment. Ridge tillage combined with 280 kg·ha﹣1 N fertilization under continuous sorghum resulted in inhibited peroxidase possessing low Vmax value (13.0 μmole·min﹣1). Changing to conventional tillage combined with 280 kg·ha﹣1 N fertilization relieved the inhibition and increased the Vmax value to 23.7 mmol·min﹣1. These biological anomalies of sorghum cell wall related to agronomic practices originated from doubly inhibited sorghum peroxidases. This understanding may guide the choice of sustainable agronomic practices for maximizing lignocellulose yields for the bioenergy industry while protecting the environment.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
All studied agronomic practices altered peroxidase pI values.
SorghumNot reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All studied practices altered the peroxidase pI values.”
t0“sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
Sorghum without rotation or nitrogen fertilization had the most inhibited peroxidase, with Vmax 3.10 mmol·min﹣1.
- Treatment
- without rotation and without N fertilizatione0
- Gene
- peroxidasee0
- Outcome
- maximum velocity (Vmax)e0
- Direction
- very lowe0
- Value
- 3.10 mmol·min﹣1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Control sorghum without rotation and without N fertilization had the most inhibited peroxidase with very low maximum velocity (Vmax) value (3.10 mmol·min﹣1)”
Claim · model-written summary
Sorghum without rotation or nitrogen fertilization had a very low lignin yield of 857 kg·ha﹣1.
- Treatment
- without rotation and without N fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- lignine0
- Direction
- very lowe0
- Value
- 857 kg·ha﹣1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Control sorghum without rotation and without N fertilization had the most inhibited peroxidase with very low maximum velocity (Vmax) value (3.10 mmol·min﹣1), and very low lignin (857 kg·ha﹣1) yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Corn-sorghum rotation increased peroxidase Vmax with and without nitrogen fertilization.
- Treatment
- Corn-sorghum rotations with and without N fertilizatione0
- Gene
- peroxidasee0
- Outcome
- Vmax values of peroxidasee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Corn-sorghum rotations with and without N fertilization increased the Vmax values of peroxidase and lignin and cellulose yields.”
Claim · model-written summary
Corn-sorghum rotation increased lignin and cellulose yields with and without nitrogen fertilization.
- Treatment
- Corn-sorghum rotations with and without N fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- lignin and cellulose yieldse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Corn-sorghum rotations with and without N fertilization increased the Vmax values of peroxidase and lignin and cellulose yields.”
Claim · model-written summary
Rotated sorghum with 50% residue return and 280 kg·ha﹣1 nitrogen had peroxidase Vmax of 66.4 mmole·min﹣1.
- Treatment
- 50% residue returne0
- Gene
- peroxidasee0
- Outcome
- peroxidase (Vmaxe0
- Direction
- very activee0
- Value
- 66.4 mmole·min﹣1e0
- Qualifier
- 280 kg·ha﹣1 N fertilizatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rotated sorghum subjected to 50% residue return (the percentage of crop residue was returned to the plot immediately after grinding at harvest) and 280 kg·ha﹣1 N fertilization possessed very active peroxidase (Vmax value 66.4 mmole·min﹣1)”
Claim · model-written summary
That rotated sorghum treatment had the highest lignin yield, 1387 kg·ha﹣1.
- Treatment
- 50% residue returne0
- Outcome
- lignine0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 1387 kg·ha﹣1e0
- Qualifier
- 280 kg·ha﹣1 N fertilizatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rotated sorghum subjected to 50% residue return (the percentage of crop residue was returned to the plot immediately after grinding at harvest) and 280 kg·ha﹣1 N fertilization possessed very active peroxidase (Vmax value 66.4 mmole·min﹣1) and the highest lignin (1387 kg·ha﹣1) yield.”
Claim · model-written summary
A 25% residue return rate without nitrogen fertilization induced high lignin yield of 1125 kg·ha﹣1.
- Treatment
- 25% residue return rate without N fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- lignine0
- Direction
- highe0
- Value
- 1125 kg·ha﹣1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The 25% residue return rate without N fertilization induced high lignin (1125 kg·ha﹣1) and cellulose (11,961 kg·ha﹣1)”
t0“sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
A 25% residue return rate without nitrogen fertilization induced high cellulose yield of 11,961 kg·ha﹣1.
- Treatment
- 25% residue return rate without N fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- cellulosee0
- Direction
- highe0
- Value
- 11,961 kg·ha﹣1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The 25% residue return rate without N fertilization induced high lignin (1125 kg·ha﹣1) and cellulose (11,961 kg·ha﹣1)”
t0“sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
A 25% residue return rate with 280 kg·ha﹣1 nitrogen induced lower lignin yield of 1046 kg·ha﹣1.
- Treatment
- 25% residue return rate with 280 kg·ha﹣1 N fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- lignine0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 1046 kg·ha﹣1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the 25% residue return rate with 280 kg·ha﹣1 N fertilization induced lower lignin (1046 kg·ha﹣1) yield.”
t0“sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
Continuously cropped sorghum given 336 kg·N·ha﹣1 produced active peroxidase.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Continuously cropped sorghum treated with 336 kg·N·ha﹣1 produced active peroxidase”
Claim · model-written summary
Peroxidase under 336 kg·N·ha﹣1 showed competitive inhibition relative to the 84 kg·N·ha﹣1 treatment.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“that shared competitive inhibition relationship with the peroxidase of the 84 kg·N·ha﹣1 treatment.”
t0“sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
Ridge tillage with 280 kg·ha﹣1 nitrogen yielded inhibited peroxidase with Vmax 13.0 μmole·min﹣1.
- Treatment
- Ridge tillage combined with 280 kg·ha﹣1 N fertilizatione0
- Gene
- peroxidasee0
- Outcome
- Vmax valuee0
- Direction
- lowe0
- Value
- 13.0 μmole·min﹣1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ridge tillage combined with 280 kg·ha﹣1 N fertilization under continuous sorghum resulted in inhibited peroxidase possessing low Vmax value (13.0 μmole·min﹣1).”
Claim · model-written summary
Conventional tillage with 280 kg·ha﹣1 nitrogen relieved peroxidase inhibition and raised Vmax to 23.7 mmol·min﹣1.
- Treatment
- conventional tillage combined with 280 kg·ha﹣1 N fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- Vmax valuee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 23.7 mmol·min﹣1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Changing to conventional tillage combined with 280 kg·ha﹣1 N fertilization relieved the inhibition and increased the Vmax value to 23.7 mmol·min﹣1.”
t0“sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors attribute the sorghum cell-wall anomalies to doubly inhibited peroxidases.
- Gene
- sorghum peroxidasese0
- Outcome
- biological anomalies of sorghum cell walle0
- Qualifier
- doubly inhibitede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These biological anomalies of sorghum cell wall related to agronomic practices originated from doubly inhibited sorghum peroxidases.”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.