Abstract
Field studies were conducted from 1986 through 1989 at Lethbridge, Alberta to determine suitable herbicides applied in either fall or spring for the selective control of stinkweed (Thlaspi arvense L.) and flixweed [Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb] in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Herbicides generally controlled these weeds better when applied in fall than in spring. Weeds emerging in the spring reduced the overall effectiveness of non-residual fall treatments. Superior control and greatest crop yields were attained with herbicides that controlled stinkweed and flixweed in the fall and provided residual control of spring flushes of these weeds. Fall-applied chlorsulfuron, metsulfuron methyl, metribuzin, dicamba plus 2,4-D, and picloram plus 2,4-D provided excellent initial and residual control of these weeds in all 3 yr. Winter survival of winter wheat was not affected by any treatment. Crop injury was observed only with treatments involving metribuzin and then only in 1 of 3 yr. Stinkweed and flixweed combined to reduce the yield of winter wheat by 18–32% over the 3 yr of the study.Key words: Bromoxynil, chlorsulfuron, clopyralid, dicamba, metsulfuron methyl, metribuzin, picloram, thifensulfuron, 2,4-D, MCPA
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicides generally controlled stinkweed and flixweed better when applied in fall than in spring in winter wheat.
- Taxon
- winter wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- applied in falle0
- Interactor
- these weedse0weed
- Outcome
- controlled these weedse0
- Direction
- bettere0
- Comparator
- in springe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“WINTER WHEAT (Triticum aestivum)”
e0“Herbicides generally controlled these weeds better when applied in fall than in spring”
Claim · model-written summary
Weeds emerging in the spring reduced the overall effectiveness of non-residual fall herbicide treatments.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- Weeds emerging in the springe0weed
- Outcome
- overall effectiveness of non-residual fall treatmentse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“WINTER WHEAT (Triticum aestivum)”
e0“Weeds emerging in the spring reduced the overall effectiveness of non-residual fall treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicides that controlled stinkweed and flixweed in the fall and gave residual control of spring flushes gave superior control and the greatest winter wheat yields.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- herbicides that controlled stinkweed and flixweed in the fall and provided residual control of spring flushes of these weedse0
- Interactor
- stinkweed and flixweede0weed
- Outcome
- Superior control and greatest crop yieldse0
- Direction
- greateste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Superior control and greatest crop yields were attained with herbicides that controlled stinkweed and flixweed in the fall and provided residual control of spring flushes of these weeds”
t0“WINTER WHEAT (Triticum aestivum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fall-applied chlorsulfuron provided excellent initial and residual control of stinkweed and flixweed in all 3 yr.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- chlorsulfurone0
- Interactor
- these weedse0weed
- Outcome
- excellent initial and residual control of these weedse0
- Direction
- excellente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“WINTER WHEAT (Triticum aestivum)”
e0“Fall-applied chlorsulfuron, metsulfuron methyl, metribuzin, dicamba plus 2,4-D, and picloram plus 2,4-D provided excellent initial and residual control of these weeds in all 3 yr”
Claim · model-written summary
Fall-applied metsulfuron methyl provided excellent initial and residual control of stinkweed and flixweed in all 3 yr.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- metsulfuron methyle0
- Interactor
- these weedse0weed
- Outcome
- excellent initial and residual control of these weedse0
- Direction
- excellente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“WINTER WHEAT (Triticum aestivum)”
e0“Fall-applied chlorsulfuron, metsulfuron methyl, metribuzin, dicamba plus 2,4-D, and picloram plus 2,4-D provided excellent initial and residual control of these weeds in all 3 yr”
Claim · model-written summary
Fall-applied metribuzin provided excellent initial and residual control of stinkweed and flixweed in all 3 yr.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- metribuzine0
- Interactor
- these weedse0weed
- Outcome
- excellent initial and residual control of these weedse0
- Direction
- excellente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“WINTER WHEAT (Triticum aestivum)”
e0“Fall-applied chlorsulfuron, metsulfuron methyl, metribuzin, dicamba plus 2,4-D, and picloram plus 2,4-D provided excellent initial and residual control of these weeds in all 3 yr”
Claim · model-written summary
Fall-applied dicamba plus 2,4-D provided excellent initial and residual control of stinkweed and flixweed in all 3 yr.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- dicamba plus 2,4-De0
- Interactor
- these weedse0weed
- Outcome
- excellent initial and residual control of these weedse0
- Direction
- excellente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“WINTER WHEAT (Triticum aestivum)”
e0“Fall-applied chlorsulfuron, metsulfuron methyl, metribuzin, dicamba plus 2,4-D, and picloram plus 2,4-D provided excellent initial and residual control of these weeds in all 3 yr”
Claim · model-written summary
Fall-applied picloram plus 2,4-D provided excellent initial and residual control of stinkweed and flixweed in all 3 yr.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- picloram plus 2,4-De0
- Interactor
- these weedse0weed
- Outcome
- excellent initial and residual control of these weedse0
- Direction
- excellente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“WINTER WHEAT (Triticum aestivum)”
e0“Fall-applied chlorsulfuron, metsulfuron methyl, metribuzin, dicamba plus 2,4-D, and picloram plus 2,4-D provided excellent initial and residual control of these weeds in all 3 yr”
Claim · model-written summary
Winter survival of winter wheat was not affected by any treatment.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- any treatmente0
- Outcome
- Winter survivale0
- Direction
- not affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Winter survival of winter wheat was not affected by any treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Crop injury to winter wheat was observed only with treatments involving metribuzin and then only in 1 of 3 yr.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- treatments involving metribuzine0
- Outcome
- Crop injurye0
- Qualifier
- only in 1 of 3 yre0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“WINTER WHEAT (Triticum aestivum)”
e0“Crop injury was observed only with treatments involving metribuzin and then only in 1 of 3 yr”
Claim · model-written summary
Stinkweed and flixweed combined reduced the yield of winter wheat by 18–32% over the 3 yr of the study.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Interactor
- Stinkweed and flixweede0weed
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- reducee0
- Value
- 18–32%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Stinkweed and flixweed combined to reduce the yield of winter wheat by 18–32% over the 3 yr of the study”
The same questions in other papers
dicamba · weed · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
8 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
- positive
6 papers more in this group
See all 10 papers →chlorsulfuron · weed · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
9 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- negative
- no effect
- positive
8 papers more in this group
See all 12 papers →metribuzin · crop injury · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
14 papers in the same direction as this paper · 4 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
- positive
15 papers more in this group
See all 19 papers →metribuzin · weed · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
59 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- negative
- no effect
- negative
59 papers more in this group
See all 63 papers →2,4-D · weed · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
63 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- positive
62 papers more in this group
See all 66 papers →metsulfuron methyl · weed · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
131 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- positive
130 papers more in this group
See all 134 papers →picloram · weed · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
methyl · weed · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results agree
35 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
32 papers more in this group
See all 36 papers →8 of 9 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.