Abstract
Malformation of mango (Mangifera indica L.) induced by Fusarium moniliforme var. subglutinans is a plant disease of international importance. The paper reports the downstream defence responses at the initial stage in a susceptible host (cultivar Amrapali) after treatment with biotic (isolated from the pathogen cell wall) (BEL) and abiotic (salicylic acid, SA) elicitors, and inoculation of vegetative buds with the pathogen (IVB). The SA was further tested to induce resistance in field trials. The inoculation and application of elicitors increased β-1, 3 glucanase that causes lysis of fungal hyphae by many folds. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) (active oxygen species) that induces hypersensitive cell death was reduced to the minimum level after treatment with BEL. The reduction of H2O2 in the inoculated vegetative buds was also substantial; however, comparatively less with SA treatment. Consequently, there was no hypersensitive cell death in the malformed mango. Salicylic acid that enhances H2O2 content by suppressing H2O2-degradation by catalase, increased marginally with the SA treatment and in the IVB, but reduced with the BEL. The reduction of SA in BEL-treated buds concomitantly reduced its H2O2 content. The activity of catalase, suppressor of resistance mechanism, was reduced in all the treatments, but the reduction was not enough to arrest H2O2-degradation. Magiferin (1, 3, 6, 7-tetrahdroxyxanthone C2-β-D glucoside), a defence metabolite of mango, increased substantially in all the treatments; maximum with the BEL. A pathogenesis-related (PR) protein of 20 KDa that resists symptom development appeared in all the treatments except the control. But light colour of the spots for the PR-protein indicated low protein accumulation. The maximum accumulation was with the IVB followed by SA and BEL treatments. The amount of total protein reduced considerably in all the treatments. The SA treatment on healthy plants failed to induce defence against malformation. Contrarily, the treatment on malformed seedlings restored normal growth within two months. Hence, SA acted better over the infected plants in presence of the pathogen. Thus, a signal transduction system involving SA and H2O2 remained nonfunctional and enough defence chemicals could not be synthesised. Defence genes that produce phenolic and β-1, 3 glucanase, however, became activated and saved the plants from death although could not prevent symptom manifestations.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation and elicitors increased β-1, 3 glucanase.
- Taxon
- mango
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Mangifera indicae1 - Treatment
- inoculation and application of elicitorse0
- Interactor
- Fusarium moniliforme var. subglutinans
Fusarium subglutinanse1pathogen - Outcome
- β-1, 3 glucanasee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_from_India.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“The inoculation and application of elicitors increased β-1, 3 glucanase that causes lysis of fungal hyphae by many folds.”
e1“Malformation of mango (Mangifera indica L.) induced by Fusarium moniliforme var. subglutinans”
Claim · model-written summary
BEL lowered hydrogen peroxide to a minimum.
- Taxon
- mangoMangifera indicae1
- Treatment
- BELe0
- Outcome
- Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)e0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) (active oxygen species) that induces hypersensitive cell death was reduced to the minimum level after treatment with BEL.”
e1“mango (Mangifera indica L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Pathogen-inoculated buds substantially reduced hydrogen peroxide.
- Taxon
- mangoMangifera indicae1
- Organ / stage
- vegetative budse0
- Treatment
- inoculated vegetative budse0
- Outcome
- H2O2e0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The reduction of H2O2 in the inoculated vegetative buds was also substantial; however, comparatively less with SA treatment.”
e1“mango (Mangifera indica L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
SA treatment reduced hydrogen peroxide less than pathogen inoculation.
- Taxon
- mangoMangifera indicae1
- Treatment
- SA treatmente0
- Outcome
- H2O2e0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Comparator
- inoculated vegetative budse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The reduction of H2O2 in the inoculated vegetative buds was also substantial; however, comparatively less with SA treatment.”
e1“mango (Mangifera indica L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Malformed mango had no hypersensitive cell death.
- Taxon
- mangoMangifera indicae0
- Outcome
- no hypersensitive cell deathe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Consequently, there was no hypersensitive cell death in the malformed mango.”
Claim · model-written summary
Salicylic acid increased marginally with SA treatment.
- Taxon
- mangoMangifera indicae1
- Treatment
- SA treatmente0
- Outcome
- Salicylic acide0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salicylic acid that enhances H2O2 content by suppressing H2O2-degradation by catalase, increased marginally with the SA treatment and in the IVB, but reduced with the BEL.”
e1“mango (Mangifera indica L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Salicylic acid increased marginally in inoculated buds.
- Taxon
- mangoMangifera indicae1
- Treatment
- IVBe0
- Interactor
- the pathogene2pathogen
- Outcome
- Salicylic acide0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salicylic acid that enhances H2O2 content by suppressing H2O2-degradation by catalase, increased marginally with the SA treatment and in the IVB, but reduced with the BEL.”
e1“mango (Mangifera indica L.)”
e2“inoculation of vegetative buds with the pathogen (IVB)”
Claim · model-written summary
BEL reduced salicylic acid.
- Taxon
- mangoMangifera indicae1
- Treatment
- BELe0
- Outcome
- Salicylic acide0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salicylic acid that enhances H2O2 content by suppressing H2O2-degradation by catalase, increased marginally with the SA treatment and in the IVB, but reduced with the BEL.”
e1“mango (Mangifera indica L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Reduced salicylic acid in BEL-treated buds coincided with lower hydrogen peroxide.
- Taxon
- mangoMangifera indicae1
- Organ / stage
- budse0
- Treatment
- BEL-treatede0
- Compound
- SAe0
- Outcome
- H2O2 contente0
- Direction
- reducede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The reduction of SA in BEL-treated buds concomitantly reduced its H2O2 content.”
e1“mango (Mangifera indica L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Catalase activity declined in all treatments but insufficiently to stop hydrogen peroxide degradation.
- Taxon
- mangoMangifera indicae1
- Treatment
- all the treatmentse0
- Outcome
- activity of catalasee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- not enough to arrest H2O2-degradatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The activity of catalase, suppressor of resistance mechanism, was reduced in all the treatments, but the reduction was not enough to arrest H2O2-degradation.”
e1“mango (Mangifera indica L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Magiferin increased in all treatments, most under BEL.
- Taxon
- mangoMangifera indicae0
- Treatment
- all the treatmentse0
- Outcome
- Magiferine0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- maximum with the BELe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Magiferin (1, 3, 6, 7-tetrahdroxyxanthone C2-β-D glucoside), a defence metabolite of mango, increased substantially in all the treatments; maximum with the BEL.”
Claim · model-written summary
A 20 KDa PR protein appeared under every treatment except control.
- Taxon
- mangoMangifera indicae1
- Treatment
- all the treatmentse0
- Outcome
- pathogenesis-related (PR) proteine0
- Value
- 20 KDae0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A pathogenesis-related (PR) protein of 20 KDa that resists symptom development appeared in all the treatments except the control.”
e1“mango (Mangifera indica L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
PR protein accumulation was low based on spot colour.
- Taxon
- mangoMangifera indicae1
- Gene
- PR-proteine0
- Outcome
- protein accumulatione0
- Direction
- lowe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“But light colour of the spots for the PR-protein indicated low protein accumulation.”
e1“mango (Mangifera indica L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
PR protein accumulation ranked highest in inoculated buds, followed by SA then BEL.
- Taxon
- mangoMangifera indicae2
- Gene
- PR-proteine1
- Outcome
- accumulatione0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Qualifier
- IVB followed by SA and BEL treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The maximum accumulation was with the IVB followed by SA and BEL treatments.”
e1“spots for the PR-protein”
e2“mango (Mangifera indica L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Total protein declined considerably in all treatments.
- Taxon
- mangoMangifera indicae1
- Treatment
- all the treatmentse0
- Outcome
- amount of total proteine0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The amount of total protein reduced considerably in all the treatments.”
e1“mango (Mangifera indica L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
SA did not induce malformation defence in healthy plants.
- Taxon
- mangoMangifera indicae1
- Treatment
- SA treatmente0
- Outcome
- defence against malformatione0
- Direction
- failed to inducee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The SA treatment on healthy plants failed to induce defence against malformation.”
e1“mango (Mangifera indica L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
SA restored normal growth in malformed seedlings within two months.
- Taxon
- mangoMangifera indicae2
- Organ / stage
- malformed seedlingse0
- Treatment
- SA treatmente1
- Outcome
- normal growthe0
- Direction
- restorede0
- Qualifier
- within two monthse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Contrarily, the treatment on malformed seedlings restored normal growth within two months.”
e1“The SA treatment on healthy plants”
e2“mango (Mangifera indica L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer that SA and H2O2 signalling was nonfunctional and defence chemical synthesis inadequate.
- Taxon
- mangoMangifera indicae1
- Compound
- SA and H2O2e0
- Outcome
- enough defence chemicals could not be synthesisede0
- Qualifier
- signal transduction systeme0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Thus, a signal transduction system involving SA and H2O2 remained nonfunctional and enough defence chemicals could not be synthesised.”
e1“mango (Mangifera indica L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Defence gene activation saved mango plants from death but did not prevent symptoms.
- Taxon
- mangoMangifera indicae1
- Gene
- Defence genese0
- Outcome
- saved the plants from death although could not prevent symptom manifestationse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Defence genes that produce phenolic and β-1, 3 glucanase, however, became activated and saved the plants from death although could not prevent symptom manifestations.”
e1“mango (Mangifera indica L.)”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.