Abstract
Abstract On highly fertile soils, increases in plant growth resulting from starter fertilizers, applications generally do not occur unless root growth is restricted or temperatures are cool. The use of some conservation‐tillage systems may result in restricted root growth and cooler soils at planting. The purpose of this 3‐yr field study was to determine if growth and yield of soybeans [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] planted in a conservation‐tillage system would be increased by starter fertilizers, and if interactions occurred between residual fertility levels and starter fertilizers. Treatments included residual fertility levels (low P and K, low P and high K, high P and low K, and high P and K) and starter fertilizers (no starter, N, P, K, N‐P, N‐K, and N‐P‐K). The N, P, and K starter fertilizer rates were 16, 19, and 44 kg ha −1 , respectively. Raising both residual P and K to the high soil test rating improved soybean yields 43%. The N‐containing starter fertilizers, especially those also containing P, increased early season plant root and top weights, but the K starters did not. However, the P, K, N‐K, and P‐K starter fertilizers had the greatest effect on yields; when compared to the control, they increased yields 46% when residual P, K, or both were low, and 26% when the residual P and K were high. The N, N‐P, and N‐P‐K starter fertilizers increased yields 21% when residual P was low, but had no effect on yields when P was high. Seed quality did not vary among residual fertility levels, but was improved by the starter fertilizers, especially those containing K. The P and K concentrations in the leaves just prior to pod set corresponded to differences in yields among residual fertility levels, but not to differences among starter fertilizers.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
High residual P and K increased soybean yield by 43%.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe0 - Treatment
- Raising both residual P and K to the high soil test ratinge0
- Outcome
- soybean yieldse0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 43%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Raising both residual P and K to the high soil test rating improved soybean yields 43%”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen-containing starter fertilizers increased early root and top weights, especially with P.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- N‐containing starter fertilizerse0
- Outcome
- early season plant root and top weightse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The N‐containing starter fertilizers, especially those also containing P, increased early season plant root and top weights”
e1“growth and yield of soybeans [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.]”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium starter fertilizers did not increase early plant root and top weights.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxe2
- Treatment
- K starterse0
- Outcome
- early season plant root and top weightse1
- Direction
- did note0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“but the K starters did not”
e1“increased early season plant root and top weights”
e2“growth and yield of soybeans [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.]”
Claim · model-written summary
P, K, N-K and P-K starters increased yield by 46% against control when residual P or K was low.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- P, K, N‐K, and P‐K starter fertilizerse0
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 46%e0
- Qualifier
- when residual P, K, or both were lowe0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The P, K, N‐K, and P‐K starter fertilizers had the greatest effect on yields; when compared to the control, they increased yields 46% when residual P, K, or both were low”
e1“growth and yield of soybeans [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.]”
Claim · model-written summary
P, K, N-K and P-K starters increased yield by 26% against control when residual P and K were high.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- P, K, N‐K, and P‐K starter fertilizerse0
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 26%e0
- Qualifier
- when the residual P and K were highe0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The P, K, N‐K, and P‐K starter fertilizers had the greatest effect on yields; when compared to the control, they increased yields 46% when residual P, K, or both were low, and 26% when the residual P and K were high”
e1“growth and yield of soybeans [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.]”
Claim · model-written summary
N, N-P and N-P-K starters increased yield 21% when residual P was low.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- N, N‐P, and N‐P‐K starter fertilizerse0
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 21%e0
- Qualifier
- when residual P was lowe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The N, N‐P, and N‐P‐K starter fertilizers increased yields 21% when residual P was low”
e1“growth and yield of soybeans [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.]”
Claim · model-written summary
N, N-P and N-P-K starters had no yield effect when residual P was high.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- N, N‐P, and N‐P‐K starter fertilizerse0
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- no effecte0
- Qualifier
- when P was highe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The N, N‐P, and N‐P‐K starter fertilizers increased yields 21% when residual P was low, but had no effect on yields when P was high”
e1“growth and yield of soybeans [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.]”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed quality did not vary among residual fertility levels.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxe1
- Outcome
- Seed qualitye0
- Direction
- did not varye0
- Comparator
- residual fertility levelse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seed quality did not vary among residual fertility levels”
e1“growth and yield of soybeans [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.]”
Claim · model-written summary
Starter fertilizers improved seed quality, especially those containing K.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxe2
- Treatment
- starter fertilizerse0
- Outcome
- Seed qualitye1
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“but was improved by the starter fertilizers, especially those containing K”
e1“Seed quality did not vary among residual fertility levels”
e2“growth and yield of soybeans [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.]”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf P and K concentrations corresponded to yield differences among residual fertility levels.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxe1
- Organ / stage
- leaves just prior to pod sete0
- Outcome
- differences in yieldse0
- Qualifier
- P and K concentrationse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The P and K concentrations in the leaves just prior to pod set corresponded to differences in yields among residual fertility levels”
e1“growth and yield of soybeans [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.]”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf P and K concentrations did not correspond to yield differences among starter fertilizers.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxe1
- Organ / stage
- leaves just prior to pod sete0
- Outcome
- differences among starter fertilizerse0
- Qualifier
- P and K concentrationse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The P and K concentrations in the leaves just prior to pod set corresponded to differences in yields among residual fertility levels, but not to differences among starter fertilizers”
e1“growth and yield of soybeans [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.]”
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