Abstract
The purpose of this study was to elucidate whether exogenous spermidine (Spd) protection of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) seedlings under salinity-alkalinity stress is associated with antioxidant enzymes in the chloroplast. The effects of exogenous Spd on antioxidant enzyme activity and antioxidant content in the chloroplast were evaluated in seedlings of salt-sensitive ecotype (Zhongza 9) grown in a 75 mM salinity-alkalinity solution, with or without 0.25 mM Spd foliar spraying. Results showed that salinity-alkalinity stress increased MDA content, superoxide anion O 2 •- generation rate, superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR) activities and ratio of AsA/DHA and reduced contents of ascorbate (AsA), dehydroascorbate (DHA), AsA+DHA, glutathione (GSH), oxidized glutathione (GSSG), GSH+GSSG, dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) activity and ratio of GSH/GSSG in chloroplasts. The exogenous Spd application combined with salinity-alkalinity stress decreased the O 2 •- generation rate and MDA content compared to salinity-alkalinity stress alone. The exogenous Spd also increased AsA-GSH cycle components and increased all antioxidant enzyme activities in most cases. Therefore, exogenous Spd alleviates salinity-alkalinity stress damage using antioxidant enzymes and non-enzymatic systems in chloroplasts.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity-alkalinity stress increased MDA content and superoxide generation in tomato chloroplasts.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- salinity-alkalinity stresse0
- Outcome
- MDA content, superoxide anion O 2 •- generation ratee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“salinity-alkalinity stress increased MDA content, superoxide anion O 2 •- generation rate”
t0“tomato seedling”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity-alkalinity stress increased SOD, APX and MDHAR activities in tomato chloroplasts.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- salinity-alkalinity stresse0
- Outcome
- superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR) activitiese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“salinity-alkalinity stress increased MDA content, superoxide anion O 2 •- generation rate, superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR) activities”
t0“tomato seedling”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity-alkalinity stress increased the AsA/DHA ratio in tomato chloroplasts.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- salinity-alkalinity stresse1
- Outcome
- ratio of AsA/DHAe1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“salinity-alkalinity stress increased MDA content, superoxide anion O 2 •- generation rate, superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR) activities and ratio of AsA/DHA”
t0“tomato seedling”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity-alkalinity stress reduced ascorbate, dehydroascorbate and total ascorbate in tomato chloroplasts.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- salinity-alkalinity stresst0
- Outcome
- ascorbate (AsA), dehydroascorbate (DHA), AsA+DHAe0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reduced contents of ascorbate (AsA), dehydroascorbate (DHA), AsA+DHA”
t0“tomato seedling tolerance to salinity-alkalinity stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity-alkalinity stress reduced GSH, GSSG and total glutathione in tomato chloroplasts.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- salinity-alkalinity stresst0
- Outcome
- glutathione (GSH), oxidized glutathione (GSSG), GSH+GSSGe0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reduced contents of ascorbate (AsA), dehydroascorbate (DHA), AsA+DHA, glutathione (GSH), oxidized glutathione (GSSG), GSH+GSSG”
t0“tomato seedling tolerance to salinity-alkalinity stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity-alkalinity stress reduced DHAR activity and the GSH/GSSG ratio.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- salinity-alkalinity stresst0
- Outcome
- dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) activity and ratio of GSH/GSSGe0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reduced contents of ascorbate (AsA), dehydroascorbate (DHA), AsA+DHA, glutathione (GSH), oxidized glutathione (GSSG), GSH+GSSG, dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) activity and ratio of GSH/GSSG in chloroplasts”
t0“tomato seedling tolerance to salinity-alkalinity stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermidine under salinity-alkalinity stress decreased superoxide generation and MDA content relative to stress alone.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- exogenous Spd application combined with salinity-alkalinity stresse0
- Outcome
- O 2 •- generation rate and MDA contente0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- salinity-alkalinity stress alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The exogenous Spd application combined with salinity-alkalinity stress decreased the O 2 •- generation rate and MDA content compared to salinity-alkalinity stress alone.”
t0“tomato seedling”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermidine increased AsA-GSH cycle components in stressed tomato seedlings.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- exogenous Spde0
- Outcome
- AsA-GSH cycle componentse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The exogenous Spd also increased AsA-GSH cycle components”
t0“tomato seedling”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermidine increased all antioxidant enzyme activities in most cases.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- exogenous Spde0
- Outcome
- antioxidant enzyme activitiese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- in most casese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The exogenous Spd also increased AsA-GSH cycle components and increased all antioxidant enzyme activities in most cases.”
t0“tomato seedling”
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