Abstract
Proanthocyanidins, which are oligomers and polymers of flavan-3-ol units (e.g., (+)-catechin and (−)-epicatechin), are important components of grapes for red winemaking. Flavan-3-ols are biosynthesized by the catalysis of anthocyanidin reductase (ANR) and leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LAR). In this study, we investigated the effect of shading on proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in berries of Vitis vinifera ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’. Shading of the berries reduced the accumulation of proanthocyanidins and the transcription of ANR and LAR genes in the skins during berry development, while no significant effect was observed in the seeds. Because the proanthocyanidins significantly decreased in the skins and seeds of the control berries during ripening, the levels of proanthocyanidins were similar in the shaded and control berries at the harvest stage.
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Claims 5
Claim · model-written summary
Shading reduced skin proanthocyanidin accumulation during berry development.
- Taxon
- Vitis vinifera
Vitis viniferat0 - Organ / stage
- skins during berry developmente0
- Treatment
- Shading of the berriese0
- Outcome
- accumulation of proanthocyanidinse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Shading of the berries reduced the accumulation of proanthocyanidins and the transcription of ANR and LAR genes in the skins during berry development, while no significant effect was observed in the seeds.”
t0“Vitis vinifera ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’”
Claim · model-written summary
Shading reduced ANR and LAR transcription in berry skins.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferat0
- Organ / stage
- skins during berry developmente0
- Treatment
- Shading of the berriese0
- Gene
- ANR and LAR genese0
- Outcome
- transcription of ANR and LAR genese0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Shading of the berries reduced the accumulation of proanthocyanidins and the transcription of ANR and LAR genes in the skins during berry development, while no significant effect was observed in the seeds.”
t0“Vitis vinifera ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’”
Claim · model-written summary
Shading had no significant effect in seeds.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferat0
- Treatment
- Shadinge0
- Outcome
- seedse0
- Direction
- no significant effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Shading of the berries reduced the accumulation of proanthocyanidins and the transcription of ANR and LAR genes in the skins during berry development, while no significant effect was observed in the seeds.”
t0“Vitis vinifera ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’”
Claim · model-written summary
Control skin and seed proanthocyanidins decreased during ripening.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferat0
- Organ / stage
- skins and seedse0
- Outcome
- proanthocyanidinse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- during ripeninge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the proanthocyanidins significantly decreased in the skins and seeds of the control berries during ripening”
t0“Vitis vinifera ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’”
Claim · model-written summary
At harvest, shaded and control berries had similar proanthocyanidin levels.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferat0
- Organ / stage
- harvest stagee0
- Treatment
- shadede0
- Outcome
- levels of proanthocyanidinse0
- Direction
- similare0
- Comparator
- control berriese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the levels of proanthocyanidins were similar in the shaded and control berries at the harvest stage.”
t0“Vitis vinifera ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’”
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See all 11 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.