Abstract
Take-all is a root disease of wheat caused by the fungus Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (Ggt). The most common method of control, growing wheat after a break crop, is not always feasible. This study compared the use of a break crop with 5 alternative control methods in a series of field experiments in south-eastern Australia. The methods of control tested were: ( 1 ) fungicide added to fertiliser; ( 2 ) soil fumigation with methyl bromide; ( 3 ) applied chloride; ( 4 ) seed treatment with microbial antagonists; ( 5 ) a prior brassica break crop; and ( 6 ) a 12-month-long fallow. Eight experiments were conducted over 2 years but not all treatments were included in each experiment. The most successful control methods were growing wheat after a brassica break crop or a long fallow. Both methods gave 72% yield increases over wheat growing after wheat. None of the other methods gave consistent, significant, or profitable yield increases or disease control. The mean yield increases in the year of application were 8% for the fungicide, 6% for microbial antagonists, 4% for chloride, and 7% for fumigation. The probable reason that fungicide and microbial antagonists were ineffective was that they were localised in the furrow where they were applied, whereas roots became infected in the inter-row space. Probable reasons that chloride was ineffective were that the background soil chloride levels were generally above the responsive range, and that roots became infected with take-all after the chloride was leached from the topsoil. The limitation of fumigation was that it suppressed natural antagonists of the Ggt, apparently leading to reinfection at higher levels than before. There was also evidence of Ggt re-infection in the second year after break crops, leading to an apparent ‘boomerang’ effect. Take-all inocula at the sites were measured in pre-sowing soil bioassays, whereas disease incidence was determined in seedlings and as ‘whiteheads’ as crops approached maturity. The only consistent pattern among the measurements was low disease incidence after break crops and the long fallow. Otherwise, there were low correlations between the 3 sets of measurements, suggesting that environmental changes after the soil bioassay and seedling assessment played critical roles in the progress of the disease.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
A brassica break crop increased wheat yield by 72% over wheat after wheat.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- brassica break crope1
- Interactor
- Gaeumannomyces graminis var. triticiGaeumannomyces triticie2pathogen
- Outcome
- yield increasese0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 72%e0
- Comparator
- wheat growing after wheate0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both methods gave 72% yield increases over wheat growing after wheat”
t0“wheat”
e1“The most successful control methods were growing wheat after a brassica break crop or a long fallow”
e2“Take-all is a root disease of wheat caused by the fungus Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (Ggt)”
Claim · model-written summary
A long fallow increased wheat yield by 72% over wheat after wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- long fallowe1
- Interactor
- Gaeumannomyces graminis var. triticiGaeumannomyces triticie2pathogen
- Outcome
- yield increasese0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 72%e0
- Comparator
- wheat growing after wheate0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both methods gave 72% yield increases over wheat growing after wheat”
t0“wheat”
e1“The most successful control methods were growing wheat after a brassica break crop or a long fallow”
e2“Take-all is a root disease of wheat caused by the fungus Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (Ggt)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungicide increased wheat yield by a mean 8% in the application year.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- fungicidee0
- Outcome
- yield increasese0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 8%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The mean yield increases in the year of application were 8% for the fungicide”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Microbial antagonists increased wheat yield by a mean 6%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- microbial antagonistse0
- Interactor
- microbial antagonistse0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- yielde1
- Value
- 6%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“6% for microbial antagonists”
t0“wheat”
e1“The mean yield increases in the year of application were 8% for the fungicide”
Claim · model-written summary
Chloride increased wheat yield by a mean 4%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- chloridee0
- Outcome
- yielde1
- Value
- 4%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“4% for chloride”
t0“wheat”
e1“The mean yield increases in the year of application were 8% for the fungicide”
Claim · model-written summary
Fumigation increased wheat yield by a mean 7%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- fumigatione0
- Outcome
- yielde1
- Value
- 7%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“7% for fumigation”
t0“wheat”
e1“The mean yield increases in the year of application were 8% for the fungicide”
Claim · model-written summary
Other control methods gave no consistent significant or profitable yield increase or disease control.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- Gaeumannomyces graminis var. triticiGaeumannomyces triticie1pathogen
- Outcome
- yield increases or disease controle0
- Direction
- Nonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“None of the other methods gave consistent, significant, or profitable yield increases or disease control”
t0“wheat”
e1“Take-all is a root disease of wheat caused by the fungus Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (Ggt)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungicide and microbial antagonists probably failed because treatment stayed in furrows while roots were infected between rows.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- Gaeumannomyces graminis var. triticiGaeumannomyces triticie1pathogen
- Outcome
- roots became infected in the inter-row spacee0
- Qualifier
- localised in the furrowe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“they were localised in the furrow where they were applied, whereas roots became infected in the inter-row space”
t0“wheat”
e1“Take-all is a root disease of wheat caused by the fungus Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (Ggt)”
Claim · model-written summary
Chloride probably failed because background soil chloride was above the response range.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- above the responsive rangee0
- Qualifier
- background soil chloride levelse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“background soil chloride levels were generally above the responsive range”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Take-all infection returned after chloride leached from topsoil.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- Gaeumannomyces graminis var. triticiGaeumannomyces triticie1pathogen
- Outcome
- roots became infected with take-alle0
- Qualifier
- chloride was leached from the topsoile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“roots became infected with take-all after the chloride was leached from the topsoil”
t0“wheat”
e1“Take-all is a root disease of wheat caused by the fungus Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (Ggt)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fumigation suppressed natural antagonists of the take-all pathogen and apparently increased reinfection.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- fumigatione1
- Interactor
- Ggte0pathogen
- Second interactor
- natural antagonistse0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- reinfection at higher levels than beforee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it suppressed natural antagonists of the Ggt, apparently leading to reinfection at higher levels than before”
t0“wheat”
e1“7% for fumigation”
Claim · model-written summary
Take-all pathogen reinfected wheat in the second year after break crops.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- Ggte0pathogen
- Outcome
- Ggt re-infectione0
- Qualifier
- second year after break cropse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ggt re-infection in the second year after break crops”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Disease incidence was low after break crops and long fallow.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- Ggte1pathogen
- Outcome
- disease incidencee0
- Direction
- lowe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“low disease incidence after break crops and the long fallow”
t0“wheat”
e1“The limitation of fumigation was that it suppressed natural antagonists of the Ggt”
Claim · model-written summary
Pre-sowing inoculum, seedling incidence and whitehead measurements were poorly correlated.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- correlationse0
- Direction
- lowe0
- Comparator
- 3 sets of measurementse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“there were low correlations between the 3 sets of measurements”
t0“wheat”
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